Kalba ir vertimas

LT„Kalba ir vertimas“ – tai vertimo studijų monografija, kurioje aptariami šiuolaikinėje vertimo praktikoje pastebimi konkretūs vertimo iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą polinkiai. Tiriant daugiausia remiamasi pavyzdžiais iš verstinės grožinės literatūros, bet kaip šaltiniai neretai pasitelkiami ir kiti tekstų žanrai. Knyga buvo rašoma galvojant apie vertėjus ir vertimo studijas pasirinkusius studentus – visus, kurie domisi problemomis, kylančiomis verčiant iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą ir atvirkščiai. Todėl buvo siekiama ne išdėstyti teorines preskriptyvias nuostatas, o parodyti skaitytojams didelį ir įvairų arsenalą tų kalbinių veiksmų, kuriuos įvairiuose kalbos lygmenyse (ypač žodžio ir sakinio), siekdamas savo tikslo, iš tikrųjų atlieka vertėjas.

EN„Language and Translation“ is essentially a wide-scope study in the theory and practice of translation from English into Lithuanian showing continued and even renewed interest in linguistic approaches to translation studies where much more linguistic research in needed. Attention is mainly focused on word- and sentence-level. The first part of the book discusses translation problems arising from the lack of equivalence at word level (or at the level of lexical item). For instance, as English and Lithuanian are historically and culturally related languages, in fact false friends also abound. However, the most extensive chapter provides a detailed account of what happens to proper names in the process of translation, particularly from English into Lithuanian, to systematise and to explain the phenomena in question, to determine the translation procedures involved in the translation of personal proper names and place names in fiction and non-fiction texts. The framework of the study was Vermes’ (2003) translation procedures for translating proper names. It is suggested that in translating a proper name translators have four basic operations at their disposal: transference, substitution by a traditional equivalent, (direct) translation (or translation proper), and modification. The findings seem to confirm the claim that proper names behave in a largely predictable way in translation. Transference is most widely applied for the translation of fictional personal names and names of historical and authentic characters. The proper name can be transferred unchanged from the source text (ST) to the target text (TT) or they can be adapted to conform to the phonic / graphic conventions of the target language (TL). Grammatically, proper names behave very much in the same way in the sentence as common nouns.Lithuanian case inflections (with an apostrophe and without it) are added to the transferred unadapted and adapted forms of personal names to indicate their functions in the TL sentence. Translators often ignore the guidelines / principles and rules for dealing with the adaptation of foreign proper names laid down in the decision adopted by the National Commission for the Lithuanian Language. According to the degree or level of adaptation it is possible to distinguish fully adapted (Shakespeare → Šekspyras), partially (i. e. only phonetically or only morphologically) adapted (Thatcher → Tečer, Shakespeare → Shakespeare’as) and unadapted (original) forms (Shakespeare → Shakespeare) of foreign proper names. This study highlights the complexity of loanword adaptation and the importance of examining all the different factors shaping this process. For instance, sometimes the distinction between personal names which belong to real persons and fictional persons is also important. Substitution (by a traditional equivalent) is applied in those cases where the source language (SL) proper name has a conventional correspondent in the TL, which replaces the SL item in the translation. This applies to names of saints, monarchs, popes, prominent figures of Ancient Greece and Rome, and a large number of geographical names both in literary and non-literary texts. Some semantically transparent (or meaningful) personal names, especially nicknames and characteronyms, as well as transparent names of physical geography, names of streets and squares are translated in fiction. Modification is also observed mainly in the translations of fiction. [...].