Totalinė melioracija Lietuvoje 1966-1990 m.: poveikis žemės ūkio ir kaimo sovietinei modernizacijai

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Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Žurnalų straipsniai / Journal articles
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Totalinė melioracija Lietuvoje 1966-1990 m.: poveikis žemės ūkio ir kaimo sovietinei modernizacijai
Alternative Title:
Total land reclamation in Lithuania, 1966-1990: the impact on the Soviet modernisation of agriculture and the countryside
Authors:
Pocius, Mindaugas
In the Journal:
Lietuvos istorijos metraštis Yearbook of Lithuanian History, 2024, 1, 103-142
Subject terms:
LT
Ekonominė istorija / Economic history; Socialinė istorija / Social history; 1940-1990. Lietuva okupacijų metais; Lietuva (Lithuania).
Summary / Abstract:

LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjama totalinės melioracijos įtaka žemės ūkio ir kaimo sovietinei modernizacijai, analizuojami vienkieminės apgyvendinimo sistemos sovietinės rekonstrukcijos politiniai, ekonominiai ir socialiniai aspektai, siekiama įvertinti melioracijos ekonominį efektą ir poveikį kraštovaizdžiui. LKP CK vadovybė sąjunginės plataus masto melioracijos darbų programos įgyvendinimą sugebėjo gana efektyviai panaudoti Lietuvos ekonominiam interesui, žemės ūkio sektoriaus gamybinei plėtrai ir modernizavimui. Totalinės melioracijos metu vykęs vienkieminės apgyvendinimo struktūros naikinimas paspartino kaimo vidinę ir socialinę urbanizaciją, kuri prisidėjo formuojant homogeninę sovietinę visuomenę, naikino sociokultūrinius ir materialinius-buitinius skirtumus tarp miesto ir kaimo. Per du dešimtmečius įvykdyta kardinali kaimo sovietinė rekonstrukcija (modernizacija) daugiausia buvo prievartinė, revoliucinė, todėl vyko skausmingai kaimo visuomenei, deformavo evoliucinius procesus kaime. Raktiniai žodžiai: totalinė melioracija, žemės ūkis, sovietinė modernizacija, kaimo sovietinė rekonstrukcija, vienkieminės sistemos naikinimas, vienkiemiai, kraštovaizdis, ūkinės gyvenvietės.

ENThe paper examines the impact of total land reclamation on the Soviet modernisation of agriculture and the countryside, analyses the political, economic, and social aspects of the Soviet reconstruction of the homestead settlement system, attempts to assess the economic effect of land reclamation and its impact on the countryside, and presents a new interpretation of the total land reclamation of 1966–1990. The leadership of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party managed to use the implementation of the all-Union large-scale land reclamation programme quite effectively for Lithuania’s economic interest, industrial development, and modernisation of the agricultural sector. Extensive land reclamation led to a long-term increase in the productive potential of agriculture and a significant economic effect. The development of land reclamation helped to maintain labour force in rural areas and increased the structural strength of agriculture. On the other hand, the destruction of homesteads contributed to the demographic urbanisation of the country, because part of their inhabitants moved to cities. The main reason for the destruction of the homestead settlement system was not total land reclamation (which was just an excuse), but the Soviet government’s strategic political goal of transforming the traditional agrarian rural society into a Soviet-style modern industrial one. Assisted by social engineering, the Soviet leadership aimed at final Sovietisation of peasants-collective farmers and their transformation into collective farmers-proletarians (a conversion of the social stratum) working in the state agrarian sector and receiving their main income from it.The funds allocated from the all-Union budget for the construction of housing for the residents of homesteads in agricultural settlements enabled the leadership of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party to carry out the long-cherished thorough Soviet transformation of the rural housing system. The radical Soviet reconstruction (modernisation) of the countryside, which continued for over two decades, was mainly coercive, revolutionary, and therefore painful for the rural society; it deformed the evolutionary processes in the countryside. The destruction of homesteads led to rapid internal urbanisation of the countryside. The development of agricultural settlements with an urban environment and infrastructure promoted social urbanisation of the countryside and the decline of traditional agrarian society and its culture. The social and internal urbanisation of the countryside in the 1960s to the 1990s contributed to the formation of a homogeneous Soviet society, eliminated socio-cultural and materiallifestyle differences between the city and the countryside, and increased the ideological-cultural influence of the Soviet system on the collective farmers by Sovietising them.At the end of total land reclamation, the rural landscape became even more agrarian and dominated by farmland. Due to flat fields, pastures, straightened streams, and drainage ditches, the landscape took on a technogenic agrarian look. The radical destruction of the homestead settlement system was accompanied by the expansion of the urbanised landscape. Total land reclamation and Soviet reconstruction of the rural settlement system changed Lithuania’s cultural and natural landscape fundamentally: the natural or slightly anthropogenic natural landscape was considerably reduced and replaced by a uniform, homogeneous, and rather poor rural (agrarian) landscape. The anthropogenisation of the natural landscape severely compromised the aesthetic, natural, and tourist attractiveness of Lithuania, the beauty of its nature, and, at the same time, diminished the national distinctiveness and historical authenticity of its landscape. Keywords: total land reclamation, agriculture, Soviet modernisatio the countryside, destruction of the farmstead system, farmsteads, landscape, agricultural settlements.

DOI:
10.33918/25386549-202401005
ISSN:
0202-3342; 2538-6549
Subject area:
Istorija / History
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https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/42139
Updated:
2026-08-17 21:32:05
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