Lietuvos kariuomenės junginių karo inžinerijos daliniai 1935-1940 m

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Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Straipsnis / Article
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Lietuvos kariuomenės junginių karo inžinerijos daliniai 1935-1940 m
Alternative Title:
Military engineering units of the Lithuanian Armed Forces 1935-1940
Authors:
Vasiliauskas, Edvardas
In the Journal:
Karo archyvas. 2024, 39, p. 100-210
Subject Category:
LT
Karybos istorija / History of war; 1918-1940. Lietuva tarpukario metais; Lietuva (Lithuania).
Summary / Abstract:

LTXX a. 4-ojo dešimtmečio antroje pusėje Europos kariuomenės, atsižvelgdamos į naujas mobilių motorizuotųjų dalinių su karo aviacijos parama veikimo teorijas ir jų panaudojimo galimybes, ruošėsi ginkluotam konfliktui. Lietuvos kariuomenės vadovybės užduotis buvo kuo geriau paruošti ir aprūpinti kariuomenės dalinius, kad jie gebėtų vykdyti karines operacijas, jei tikėtinų priešiškų pajėgų mechanizuotieji ir motorizuotieji junginiai bandytų įsiveržti į Lietuvos teritoriją. Karo atveju vadai su savo daliniais privalėjo nedelsdami stabdyti įsiveržusias priešiškas pajėgas tiek pagrindine, tiek šalutinėmis atakos kryptimis ir taip sudaryti sąlygas įvykdyti visišką Lietuvos kariuomenės mobilizaciją karo metui. Šiuo tikslu Lietuvos kariuomenės vadovybė planavo išnaudoti turimus karo inžinerijos pajėgumus, kurie taikos, mobilizacijos ir karo metu turėjo nedelsiant vykdyti trikdymo veiksmus, naikindami kritinę infrastruktūrą, ir taip laikinai stabdyti besiveržiantį priešą didžiojoje Lietuvos teritorijos dalyje, kol pagrindinės pajėgos pasiruoš lemiam mūšiui. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos kariuomenės ir pėstininkų divizijų junginių lygmens karo inžinerijos dalinių ir padalinių vykdyta ir planuota kovinė parama, taip pat šių inžinerijos dalinių pasiruošimas vykdyti kontrmobilumo, mobilumo, išgyvenamumo užduotis taikos ir karo metu, išnaudojant turimas priemones, remiant manevrinius dalinius operaciniu lygmeniu. Įvertinama, kokios buvo 1935-1940 m. Lietuvos kariuomenės junginių inžinerijos batalionų naudotos priemonės, analizuojama, kaip buvo vykdomas inžinerijos dalinių ir padalinių rengimas organizuojant divizijos junginių paramą karinėse operacijose. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Lietuvos kariuomenė, Lietuvos šaulių sąjunga, divizijos junginys, karinės operacijos, paramos daliniai, karo inžinerija, mobilumas, kontrmobilumas, išgyvenamumas.

ENIn the late 1930s, European armies prepared for an armed conflict, taking into account new operational theories and possibilities of use of mobile motorised units with military aviation support. The task of the command of the Lithuanian Armed Forces was to prepare and equip army units that would be able to carry out military operations within the territory of Lithuania. In the event of war, the Lithuanian Armed Forces formation commanders and the units subordinate to them had to immediately stop the invading enemy forces in the main and supporting directions of attack, thus creating conditions for the full mobilisation of the Lithuanian Armed Forces during wartime. For that purpose, the command of the Lithuanian Armed Forces planned to make use of the available military engineering capabilities, which, in times of peace, mobilisation and war, had to immediately carry out disruptive actions and temporarily stop the advancing enemy in a large part of the territory of Lithuania, until the main forces were ready for a decisive battle. The military engineering units had to be able to install engineering barriers and carry out disruption and infrastructure destruction work along the likely avenues of approach of hostile forces within a few hours. The military engineering units of the Lithuanian Armed Forces were a type of combat support weapon, which additionally performed their functions in the formation’s military services. In terms of their affiliation, organisation and missions, military engineers were divided into army-level, divisional and regimental engineers (pioneers). In peacetime, the army-level 1st and 2nd Engineering Battalions were fully functional, while the military engineering detachments of the screening teams (infantry and cavalry regiments) were partially functional.These engineering units and subunits had to ensure that the missions set by the command of the Lithuanian Armed Forces were carried out during both peacetime and wartime. The Engineering Battalions also had to be ready to support, with the available capabilities, the engineering battalions of five mobilised infantry divisions and the formations formed in the event of war. Military engineers carried out mobility, countermobility and survivability missions. In performing mobility tasks, engineers enabled the unhindered movement of friendly forces on the battlefield, and in performing countermobility tasks, they disrupted, impeded and slowed down the movement and survivability of enemy forces. The engineers would install physical defence structures against enemy fire or even supply army units with water. In times of both peace and war, engineers were assigned to infantry, cavalry or artillery units to perform combat support functions. The army command planned that during a war, the main tasks of the engineering battalions in military operations would be to ensure the combat support of the divisional formations. The first priority was countermobility tasks – disruption and the installation of obstacles along the likely avenues of approach of the enemy forces; the second priority was mobility tasks, when the division formations were carrying out delaying operations. A sustaining operation was the movement of troops over bodies of water, thereby enabling friendly forces to withdraw units in a synchronised fashion to pre-planned defensive positions and continue defensive operations. The engineering battalion specialists were trained to perform these tasks, but engineers usually operated separately from infantry divisions in field exercises, in the same areas where the environment and conditions of the exercises did not change.When performing engineering tasks in the army’s major manoeuvres, under new circumstances, or when the engineering battalion units were assigned to divisional formations or infantry regiments, the engineers lacked mutual coordination and understanding. What was most lacking was cooperation during field exercises between different types of weapons and support units. The formation commanders and the commanders of the units subordinate to them did not know how to make proper use of the engineers in defence; there was a lack of understanding about the necessity and possibilities of military engineering, or what combat support functions engineers were able to perform in different military operations. In the 1930s, the amount of engineering tools and equipment in the Lithuanian Armed Forces increased significantly, though in terms of wartime needs, there was still not enough for the mobilised infantry divisions and the infantry and cavalry regiment engineering squads that were added in 1935. The army command sought to obtain the best possible efficiency from the limited resources of engineers and equipment available. The army’s acquisition of new engineering tools was a priority in carrying out mobility and countermobility tasks during wartime and when the formations were carrying out delaying operations – the disruption of avenues of approach and movement of friendly forces through water obstacles. In order to achieve greater efficiency in carrying out the tasks of the army and division formations, efforts were made to motorise the engineering units by allocating more vehicles and newly purchased engineering equipment from the army reserve. The army command noticed that a small engineering unit (squad or department) equipped with trucks and new engineering equipment was able to perform tasks in a larger part of the territory of Lithuania.

DOI:
10.47459/ka.2024.39.3
ISSN:
1392-6489; 2424-6123
Subject:
Istorija / History
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https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/115167
Updated:
2025-05-19 21:35:41
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