Motyvuotieji intarpiniai ir "sta" kamieno veiksmažodžai XVI–XVII a. lietuvių raštijoje

LTStudijoje tiriami XVI–XVII a. lietuvių raštijoje – Martyno Mažvydo, Jono Bretkūno tekstuose ir "Volfenbiutelio postilėje", Mikalojaus Daukšos darbuose, "Knygoje nobažnystės" ir Konstantino Sirvydo veikaluose, reprezentuojančiuose tris to meto rašto variantus, – užfiksuotų intarpinių bei "sta" kamieno veiksmažodžių darybos klausimai. Tyrimo tikslas – sinchroniniu ir diachroniniu požiūriu ištirti intarpinių ir "sta" kamieno veiksmažodžių nominacijos sistemą, fiksuojamą senosios lietuvių raštijos pradžioje. Tikslo siekiama šiais uždaviniais: 1. Sudaryti pasirinktųjų XVI–XVII a. lietuvių raštų intarpinių ir "sta" kamieno veiksmažodžių korpusą. 2. Nustatyti motyvuotųjų ir nemotyvuotųjų leksemų santykį. 3. Sugrupuoti motyvuotuosius veiksmažodžius pagal darybos kategorijas į deverbatyvus ir denominatyvus. 4. Ištirti deverbatyvų ir denominatyvų nominaciją. 5. Aptarti motyvuotųjų veiksmažodžių vartoseną ir semantiką. 6. Įvertinti senojoje raštijoje užfiksuotų darybos tipų chronologiją. Atliekant tyrimą naudotasi Lietuvių kalbos instituto sukurta "Senųjų raštų duomenų baze", elektroninėmis senųjų tekstų konkordancijomis, Dominyko Urbo sudarytu "Martyno Mažvydo raštų žodynu" (1998), Virginijos Vasiliauskienės ir Kristinos Rutkovskos kritiniais Konstantino Sirvydo "Punktų sakymų" leidimais (2015), Kazio Morkūno "Konstantino Širvydo „Punktų sakymų“ veiksmažodžių indeksu" (1980). Pavyzdžiai sukaupti rankiniu būdu: iš visų šaltinių išrinktos visos intarpinių ir "sta" kamieno veiksmažodžių formos, siekiant atskleisti veiksmažodžių vartosenos ypatumus. [...]. [Iš Įvado]

ENThe study presents analysis of infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs attested in the Lithuanian writings of the 16th–17th centuries representing the prevailing varieties of this period: the Prussian variety (Martynas Mažvydas, Jonas Bretkūnas’ writings and the "Wolfenbüttel Postilla"), the central variety (Mikalojus Daukša, "Knyga nobažnystės"), and the eastern variety (Konstantinas Sirvydas). The aim of the present research is to investigate the nomination system of the infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs from syncronic and diachronic point of view as attested in the earliest Lithuanian scripts. In total, 230 infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs have been found in the analyzed texts. The largest number of the verbs in question – 176 in total – were recorded by Sirvydas, 137 verbs were registered in Daukša‘s works, Bretkūnas attested 126 verbs, 90 verbs have been found in "Knyga nobažnystės". Considerably smaller number of verbs, 53 in total, were attested by Mažvydas, while the "Wolfenbüttel Postilla" contains only 42 verbs in question. Since the dictionaries compiled by Sirvydas were not restricted by the rigid nature of religious discourse, the verbs attested in these sources stand out in terms of lexical diversity: the scope of meanings of these verbs vary from spiritual, moral and perceptive aspects to various physical and physiological phenomena. The research has shown that the major part (65%) of the infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs attested in the analyzed texts represent motivated lexis. The verbs in question stand for different types of word formation: the largest bulk of all derived verbs, approximately 70%, is comprised of deverbatives (derivatives from verbs), whereas denominatives (verbs derived from adjectives and nouns) constitute 30%. In terms of derivational meaning, three different word-formation categories prevail: anticausatives, terminatives and fientives.Treating the infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs as derivatives from shared-root suffixal verbs and 'ia'-stem verbs several issues emerge. First of all, what is to be treated as a word-formation formant? Which path of derivation is to be presupposed? The formation of denominative infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs is more transparent than that of deverbatives. The meaning of many denominatives can be specified by derivational paraphrases, as is the case with 'sénti' ‘to get old’ and 'šàšti' ‘to grow scabby’, which presuppose the following derivational path: noun / adjective → verb. In this respect, a word–formation formant is the ending. There are cases, however, when the derivational pattern remains opaque, making twofold treatment possible, e. g. Lith. 'lobti' ('lobti') ‘to get rich, be successful’ : 'lobis' ‘treasure, property’. In such cases additional criteria are to be considered: frequency of lexemes, quantitative criterion, formation capacity of members of opposition, analogy, that is to say, semantically equivalent pairs exhibiting formally expressed derivational pattern, as in derivational oppositions 'minkštas' ‘soft’ : 'minkšti' ‘to soften gradually’, 'sausas' ‘dry’ : 'susti', 'senas' ‘old’ : 'senti' ‘to get old’ the derivational path is affirmed by oppositions 'minkštas' ‘soft’ → 'minkštėti' ‘to soften’, 'sausas' ‘dry’ → 'sausėti' ‘to get dry’, 'senas' ‘old’ → 'senėti' ‘to get old’. In cases of uncertainty, the guidance is drawn from diachrony – the correspondences of verbs and adjectives or nouns are sought in other languages to support derivational pattern 'noun / adjective → verb.' However, the status of the infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs as deverbatives is not easy to substantiate.These verbs commonly differ from 'ia'-stem verbs in terms of root apophony, what is more, the relation of vocalism is relevant to common regularities of derivational vowel alternation: 'ei → i', 'au → u', 'eR → iR', etc. Anticausatives and terminatives fall within a specific inflectional class, so the infix and 'sta'-formation could be at least partially treated as a morphological formant / marker. Therefore, the change of inflectional class and root apophony as well as anticausative or terminative meaning are to be considered as indicators of derivation, as unusual and atypical as it may seem, which allow treating the infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs as derivatives. Higher productivity of 'ia'-stem verbs, derivational character of denominatives and diachronic analysis could be taken as subsidiary criteria. The research has revealed that at the time of emergence of the earliest Lithuanian writings all processes of infixed and 'sta'-stem verbs formation had been established. Having investigated their formal expression and semantic character as well as their links to common-root words and correspondences in other Baltic and Indo-European languages, the following conclusions can be drawn. 1. In the old texts dating back to the 16th–17th centuries, relatively big amount of lexemes (230 lexemes in total) attributable to this inflectional class were attested. The majority of them, 65%, exhibit motivated lexis. More than one third of them cannot be linked to any other Lithuanian cognates, their origin is but to be analyzed only diachronically. Some of them share formal correspondences with verbs from other Indo-European languages, their groups or separate languages. That could be the object of another research. 2. In terms of word-formation, the analyzed verbs are linked to verbs and nouns or adjectives. [...]. [From the publication]

• Aspect and actionality in Lithuanian on a typological background / Peter M. Arkadiev. Langues baltiques, langues slaves / sous la direction de Daniel Petit, Claire Le Feuvre et Henri Menantaud. Paris: CNRS éditions, 2011. P. 57-86.
• Būdvardžių darybos raida / Saulius Ambrazas ; sudarytoja Danguolė Mikulėnienė. Vilnius : Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2011. 272 p.
• Etymological dictionary of the Baltic inherited lexicon / Rick Derksen. Leiden ; Brill, 2015. xii, 684 p.
• Gramatinių kategorijų tipologija / Vladimir Plungian ; [iš rusiško rankraščio vertė Jurgis Pakerys]. Vilnius : Vilniaus universitetas : 2010-2011. 2 t. (271, 337 p.).
• Gramatinių kategorijų tyrimai / Axel Holvoet, Loreta Semėnienė (red.). Vilnius : Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2004. 191 p.
• Lietuvių kalbos mikonimai: nominacija ir motyvacija / Jūratė Lubienė. Klaipėda : Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, 2015. 231 p.
• Lietuvių kalbos pirminių veiksmažodžių klasių semantika tipologinių duomenų kontekste / Piotras Arkadjevas. Acta linguistica Lithuanica. 2008, t. 59, p. 1-27.
• Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžio istorija / Audronė Kaukienė. Klaipėda : Klaipėdos universitetas, 1994-2002. 2 t. (302, 400 p.).
• Lithuanian morphological causatives : a corpus-based study / Peter Arkadiev, Jurgis Pakerys. Voice and argument structure in Baltic / edited by Axel Holvoet, Nicole Nau. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. P. 39-97.
• Transitivity pairs in Baltic: between Finnic and Slavic / Nicole Nau and Jurgis Pakerys. Lingua Posnaniensis. 2016, 58 (2), p. 83-126.