LTBiržulio regiono keramika yra vienas svarbiausių Vakarų Lietuvos vėlyvojo akmens amžiaus bendruomenių pažinimo šaltinių. Ji išsiskiria gausa, įvairove ir geromis išlikimo sąlygomis. Vėlyvojo akmens amžiaus, kitaip – neolito, pradžią Rytų Baltijos regione rodo VI tūkstantmetyje pr. Kr. molinių indų atsiradimas, atskleidžiantis tam tikrą sėslumą, besikeičiantį požiūrį į save ir supančią aplinką. Keramikos lipdymo, dekoravimo ir panaudojimo tradicijose užkoduota skirtingų kultūrinių bendruomenių patirtis. Būtent pagal savitų molinių indų fragmentus neolito gyvenvietės priskiriamos vienai ar kitai archeologinei kultūrai. Dažniausiai įvairiose Lietuvos vietovėse aptinkamos tik smulkios, smėlio nuzulintos, menkai informatyvios šukelės, o Biržulio regionas išsiskiria reprezentatyviu, ilgą laiką egzistavusių visų Vakarų Lietuvos neolito laikotarpio kultūrinių tradicijų palikimu: Narvos, Rutulinių amforų, Virvelinės keramikos kultūrų, hibridine, pereinančia į žalvario amžių, keramika. Išskirtinai palankios radinių išlikimui sąlygos durpyninėse gyvenvietėse ir įžvalgus tyrėjų požiūris išsaugoti ant šukių išlikusius degėsius bei kitus praeities žmogaus ar aplinkos paliktus pėdsakus leidžia tyrinėti keramiką ir atrasti daug naujų dalykų analizuojant daugiau nei prieš 40 metų iškastus radinius [Butrimas 1982a; 1982b]. Keramikos lipdymo technologijų įvairovė leidžia nustatyti, kaip laikui bėgant keitėsi seniausios Narvos kultūros tradicijos. Rutulinių amforų ir virvelinės keramikos pavyzdžiai ne tik liudija apie naujų, gyvulius auginusių bendruomenių atsikraustymą į Biržulio regioną IV–III tūkstantmečių pr. Kr. sandūroje, bet ir sudaro galimybes ištirti, ar puodai būdavo gaminami vietoje, prisitaikant prie vietinės aplinkos, ar atkeliavo su maisto produktais iš tolimų kraštų.Iš kokios keramikos masės ir kaip buvo lipdomi indai? Ar naujos lipdymo tradicijos visiškai išstūmė senąsias? Siekiant atsakyti į šiuos klausimus ir rekonstruoti technologinius Biržulio regiono keramikos gamintojų sprendimus šalia vizualinės bei trasologinės analizės pasitelkti geocheminiai, mineraloginiai ir mikrostruktūros tyrimai. [p. 215].
ENThe pottery of the Biržulis region represents a significant source of knowledge pertaining to the Late Stone Age communities of West Lithuania. It is characterised by a remarkable abundance, diversity and well-preserved condition. An analysis of pottery moulding techniques offers insights into the evolution of Narva cultural traditions. The examples of Globular Amphora and Corded Ware Culture pottery not only provide evidence of the arrival of new animal-raising communities in the Biržulis region, but also offer the opportunity to investigate the provenance of the pots. Were they made locally, adapting to the local environment, or whether they were imported with the foodstuffs? What type of clay was exploited and how was the pottery build? Was there a complete replacement of the established traditions by new ones? In order to answer these questions and to reconstruct the technological choices of the Biržulis potters, geochemical, mineralogical and microstructural studies were carried out using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM), X-ray fluores cence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A total of twelve potsherds, comprising three from Daktariškė 1 settlement and nine from Daktariškė 5, were selected for comparative analysis of microstructure, geochemical and mineralogical composition. The six potsherds of the Narva Culture, comprising various ceramic pastes with organic admixtures, represent the hunter fisher-gatherers heritage. Five of the potsherds are from the pottery assigned to the first farming communities, two of which are from the Globular Amphora Culture and three from Corded Ware, while the sixth is a hybrid ceramic exhibiting a mixture of different cultural traits (Table 1).The examination of the Narva pottery from the Dakriškė 1 settlement revealed the absence of crushed shell fragments. However, a subset of these specimens exhibited distinctive characteristics, including the presence of flat angular pits on the surface and narrow, regular-shaped voids within the cross-section. One such specimen, identified as potsherd D1_1, was selected for detailed analysis (Fig. 1). Another potsherd (D1_2) also exhibited the characteristics typical of Narva pottery, although its ceramic paste composition differed from that observed in the previously examined potsherds. It was observed the ceramic paste contained amorphous organic matter and burnt plant fragments, which resulted in a very dark sherd core (Fig. 1). The potsherd D1_3 from the Daktariškė 1 settlement exhibited a ceramic paste with grog temper, which is a defining characteristic of the Corded Ware. The majority of the decorated Narva pottery from Daktariškė 5 is composed of ceramic paste with crushed shells, which have undergone minimal deterioration. The external surface of the potsherds is frequently characterised by a black coating. Two selected examples, D5_1 and D5_1a, exhibited these characteristics and contained more than 30 % crushed shell temper (Fig. 2). The thin section of potsherd D5_1a yielded evidence of crushed shells or their nacre layer, as well as fragments of burned bones, fish scales and voids that appeared to result from the disappearance of very small faunal limb bones (Fig. 3). The thin section D5_1a of the rim provided information not only about the ceramic paste but also about the vessel forming techniques. The pot was built from coils using N-U joints, which are considered to be characteristic of hunter-fisher-gatherer communities of the Narva Culture, formed by spreading both sides of the upper coil down wards, one side slightly and the other strongly, in the size of the entire width of the lower coil (Fig. 2).The pot from which sherd D5_2 was taken gives the clearest indication of the technique used to build the vessels (Fig. 4). Probably due to the too lean silty clay, the pot has defragmented through the joints. The ceramic paste contains not only about 35 % of voids resulting from degraded crushed shell temper, but also 15 % of fine quartz-rich sand. The entire outer surface of the pot was decorated with rectangular impressions containing ochre-like pigments. Another petrographic fabric was observed in thin section D5_3 of later Narva pottery (Fig. 5). The ceramic paste, similar to sample D1_2, contained 20 % of round pores with preserved fragments of burnt plants and black amorphous matter. The exceptional group of hybrid pottery from Daktariškė 5 consists of black, thin-walled vessels decorated with ornaments typical of the Corded Ware, but the ceramic paste contained an abundance of crushed shell temper typical of the Narva Culture. Potsherd D5_4 of the hybrid pottery type was selected for study (Fig. 6). The emergence of new animal-raising communities in the Daktariškė 5 settlement is evidenced by the presence of potsherds D5_5 and D5_6, which originate from a cup and a lugged vessel, respectively, belonging to the Globular Amphora Culture (Fig. 7). Both samples were moulded from ceramic paste with a granitoid temper, previously unknown to the potters of the Biržulis region (Fig. 8). Potsherd D5_7 was taken from a beaker with a herringbone decoration, while D5_8 was taken from a pot with short-wave moulding. Both are tempered with grog and are characteristic of Corded Ware (Fig. 9).