Rusijos politikos įtaka žydų miestiečių ekonominei veiklai XIX a. pirmojoje pusėje

LTPagrindinis šio straipsnio tikslas – Rusijos politikos žydų atžvilgiu poveikio žydų miestiečių ekonominio gyvenimo kaitai vertinimas. Didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas kelių represinių priemonių taikymui: žydų iškeldinimui iš smuklių ir dalies miestelių, teisiniam veiklos apribojimui, suskirstymo į kategorijas. Politikos vertinimas remiasi ne tik programų (priemonių) analize, bet ir demografiniais rodikliais, parodžiusiais žydų skaičiaus kaitos miestuose dinamiką. XIX a. pradžia pasirinkta kaip sąlyginis atskaitos taškas. Pagrindinis dėmesys koncentruojamas į Nikolajaus I bei vadinamojo ,,atšilimo“ laikotarpio politikos poveikio problemų analizę. Tokį pasirinkimą lėmė galimybė jau XIX a. viduryje įvertinti politikos taikymo priemones. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Žydai miestuose; Ekonominė veikla; Jews in the cities; Economic activities.

ENThe principal aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of Russian policy on the development of the economic life of Jewish city residents. It mostly focuses on the aspirations of the imperial authorities to eject the Jews from inns and some towns, restrict their legal economic activities, and divide them into useful and useless categories. The assessment of Russian policy is based on a discussion of specific measures and practices as well as an analysis of the demographic changes (testifying to the change in the number of Jews in the cities and towns). Chronologically it concentrates on the period of Nicholas I and the so-called ‘thaw’ policy. In summarizing the research results, it is possible to draw several conclusions. First, the forced relocation, initiated by the Russian authorities, of Jewish innkeepers and town residents to the cities or to specially planned towns gradually changed the nature of their professional activities and the conditions of their economic life. Second, a significant Jewish migration to the cities is observable during the period in question. This conclusion is confirmed by the demographic data, which confirms a growth in the number of Jews living in the cities. Nevertheless it is possible to state that the measures, which the Tsarist authorities undertook, i.e. the creation of a stratum of Jewish farmers and their division into useful and useless categories as well as the creation of Jewish guilds, did not have a great impact on Jewish economic activities. In fact, the gradual integration of the Jews into the stratum of town residents and the formal restrictions on Jewish activities more and more connected this ethno-religious group with the economic life of the cities and towns. [From the publication]