Bromės (Liungbiu) kultūra Lietuvoje

LTAutoriaus duomenimis, šiuo metu Lietuvos teritorijoje yra aptikta per 30 Bromės kultūros dirbinių radimviečių ir gyvenviečių (Maskauka-6, Mitriškės-5n, 6a, 6b, Derežnyčia-6, 30, Mergežeris-8, Ežerynų 9, 11, 15-17 aikštelės, Titnas-1C, Žuvintai-1, Vilnius-2, Glūkas-4, Lieporiai ir kt.). Daugiausia jų aptikta Pietų Lietuvoje; pavienių kompleksų randama ir Rytų, Vidurio bei Šiaurės Lietuvoje. Tačiau pateikti realų Bromės kultūros kompleksų paplitimo žemėlapį dėl netolygaus atskirų šalies regionų ištirtumo šiuo metu nėra tikslinga. Lietuvoje surasti Bromės kultūros kompleksai iki šiolei dar nebuvo detaliau aprašyti. Neanalizuotas ir jų inventorius. Tad šiai spragai iš dalies užpildyti ir yra skiriamas šis straipsnis. Beje, kadangi daugelis darbe minimų objektų įvairių tyrinėtojų darbuose interpretuojami skirtingai, neapsieita ir be detalesnio šaltinių bazės aprašymo: čia pateikiamas pagrindinių Bromės kultūrai priskirtinų kompleksų sąrašas, trumpai pažymint kiekvieno objekto lokalizaciją, titnago apdirbimo techniką ir surastus radinius [p. 18].

ENThe Lyngby Culture was discovered during the 3rd-4th decades of the 20th century basing on Norre Lyngby finds detected in the northwest part of the Jutland Peninsula (Denmark). In 1996 R. Rimantiene declared for the first time about the Brommian-Lyngby finds detected in Lithuania in her article for discussion on the Palaeolithic flint workshops material. She related the Brommian Culture in the southwesternsouthern Baltic region to sites 9, 15 and 16 of Ežerynas and indicated that there were even more settlements with similar find complexes in the southern Lithuania, for example, Maskauka (near Old Varėna), Mergežeris-5 (near New Varėna), Duobupis-1b and the sites near the River Derežnyčia. Besides, R. Rimantiene introduced a new term in the archaeological literature - "Baltic Magdalenian - Group of Baltic Magdalenian Cultures - for generalising of all North European Late Palaeolithic culture groups, which by inner relations can be linked to the Aurignacian, in opposition to the Swiderian culture, where the relations with the Solutran arc outstanding, though also indirect." In short, this term comprises all Late Palaeolithic cultures of the southern-southeast Baltic region and their separate groups, except for the Swiderian Culture. This term was broader explained in the monographies published in 1984 and 1996 which stated that it did not only indicate the cultural dependence, but also the era, as the term is related to settlement of first residents. According to the author, at present in the territory of Lithuania there are over 30 Brommian find spots and sites (Maskauka-6, Mitriškės-5n, 6a, 6b, Derežnyčia-6, 30, Mergežeris-8, Ežerynai 9,11, 15-17, Titnas-1C, Žuvintai-1, Vilnius-2, Glūkas-4, Lieporiai etc.). Most of them were discovered in the Southern Lithuania; single finds were found in the eastern, central and northern Lithuania.However, presentation of a real distribution map of the Brommian cultural complexes is not advisable, as separate regions are not equally explored. Stray Brommian finds were found while exploring Margiai "Sala", Margiai-1, Barzdis Forest settlements, Margioniai flint mining and processing site and in surface collections from the Stavidvaris' bowery (Lapės, Kaunas district), Drąseikiai-2, Varėna (1953, survey near the hillfort), Baltašiškės (Z. Gloger's collection). Most of the Brommian finds, especially points, are collected by W. Szukiewicz in Kašėtos, Rudnia, Grybaša, Duba Lake and Merkys-Ola collections. In addition, several Brommian points are in the Savickis I. and L. collections (Poland) from Derežnyčia and Kašėtos-Marcinkonys. However, the artefact detected in trench 2 of Dubiciai-3 settlement is not a point. It is an ordinary worn-out flat flint cobble. The Brommian sites found in Lithuania have not been ever described in detail. Their inventory has not been analysed either. This article, therefore, is intended to close this breach. The Brommian flint processing technology was simple enough from the technological point of view in comparison with earlier and later periods and cultures. This technology is carefully analysed on the ground of finds detected in the Titnas-1C flint mine site. The Brommian complexes are mostly represented by large flint cores with one platform. Their shapes are from large flat to conical-pyramidal or half-cylindrical. Stray-found cores with two straight platforms usually are same unipolar cores with changed percussion direction only. In addition, unipolar cores acquire features of bipolar cores after alteration of their tops. Cores were produced very simply: by spliting massive flakes from the striking platform or by one-sided spliting. Then by direct strike or by hard or semi-hard percussion, large, wide and irregular shaped blades were detached from cores.The average proportion of their length and width is 3:1 respectively. This shows that there was no clear limit between flakes and blades. An especially characteristic feature is trimming of upper part of a core along the edge of striking platform in order to remove sharp edges between negatives. As a result, a great number of small flakes and sporadic microblades were detected. In addition, the complexes are not rich in blade fragments (less than 40 %). Summarizing it may be stated that at that time on uneconomical, but simple and fast flint processing technology was used. The same flint processing technology was characteristic of "classical" Brommian complexes in South Scandinavia. Such technology was likely predetermined by abundance of high-quality flint in young moraine landscapes. Until now, only several Brommian sites were dated by C14 method, as in the cultural horizons of most of them no organics survived. According to scientific methods, the Brommian Culture, therefore, is dated to the 2nd half of Allerod and the beginning of Dryas III period, and typologically it is dated to the beginning of Allerod-Dryas III period. The Lithuanian Brommian finds should be also dated in the same way. Another characteristic feature attracted an attention. It is quite familiar in our country: tangs of points were formed by propeller retouch, i. e. one edge was formed on averse side, and the other on reverse side. Such points were found in Varėna-2, Mitriškės-6a, Glūkas-4 sites. This method is not characteristic of the "classical" Brommian Culture. By the same method tangs for points were formed only in the Havelte Stage of Late Hamburg Culture and later discussed in the following Ahrensburgian Culture. Therefore, I suppose that this feature may be considered as an evidence that the Brommian Culture and the Hamburgian Culture were closely related genetically (time wise). [...].