Dvarininkės savarankiškumo intencija: Apolinaros Žabaitės-Pliaterienės atvejis

LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjamas istoriografijoje negvildentas XIX a. bajorų istorijos aspektas – stambios dvarininkės Apolinaros Žabaitės-Pliaterienės (Apolinara z Żabów Platerowa, ~1780–1847) savarankiškas tėvoninių dvarų valdymas. Tai vienintelis aptiktas atvejis, kai moteris valdė vyro nuosavybę jam gyvam esant, kas prieštaravo Lietuvos teisei. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas dvarininkės pastangoms apsaugoti nuo konfiskacijos Aluotų, Dusetų ir Padustėlio dvarus, sudariusius Kazimiero Pliaterio (Kazimierz Plater, 1779–1819) ir jo sūnų Vladislovo (1808–1889) bei Cezario (1810–1869) Pliaterių tėvoniją. Aptariamas moteriškos ir vyriškos nuosavybės susidarymas, paliečiamas sutuoktinės pasoginio kapitalo ir brangenybių hipotekos klausimas, dvarų skolų atsikratymas ir teisinės priemonės, leidusios pasiekti moters vienvaldystę tėvonijoje. Pirmą kartą plačiai naudojami Dusetų dvaro archyvo dokumentai, saugomi Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyve. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Apolinara Žabaitė-Pliaterienė (Apolinara z Żabów Platerowa); Tėvonija; Hipoteka; Testamentai; Dvarininkai; Dvarai; 19 amžius; 19th century; Manors; Landowners; Patrimony; Mortgage; Last wills.

ENMaking extensive use for the first time of the surviving archives from Dusetos manor, the article analyses the attempts by the landowner Apolinara z Żabów Platerowa (~1780–1847) in the first half of the 19th century to become the sole owner of large estates. The laws of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania did not prevent women from inheriting their parents’ manors and managing them under the supervision of their husbands, and widows were granted lifelong support from their late husbands’ manors. However, Apolinara Plater sought to take over the property of her husband Count Kazimierz Plater (1779–1819) while he was still alive, and this was against Lithuanian law. Her main intention was to protect the estates at Aluotos, Dusetos and Padustėlis, which formed the inheritance of Kazimierz Plater, and his sons Władysław (1808–1889) and Cezary (1810–1869), from confiscation. The article analyses how men’s and women’s property was formed in the 19th century, how women’s capital mortgages operated, and what debt relief measures were in place. Countess Plater was forced to seek to independently manage her husband’s estates, because of the political activities of the Lithuanian nobility, which might have led to the confiscation of the property. She succeeded by legal means in proving that she was the sole owner of the estates when Plater joined Napoleon’s army and was exiled. She used the same legal tools when her husband returned and demanded his property back. She dared to oppose the late Plater’ will, according to which the administration of the manors had to be handed over to the legal guardians of his underage sons. After the November Uprising (1830–1831), she did everything she could to save the property of her sons, who participated in the insurrection.She managed to retain the manors of Aluotos, Dusetos and Padustėlis, which were only confiscated by the state treasury after her death. As the manager of the manors, with the help of administrators, Countess Plater dealt with complex economic issues. However, her talents were most evident in the field of finance and credit, when she had to repay millions to creditors to cover her husband’s and his brother’s debts. The repayment of the large debts depended not only on the ability to make the manors profitable, but also on taking out new loans to cover the debts. She was probably the only female landowner in Lithuania who managed to carry out a large-scale debt settlement operation in the 19th century. [From the publication]

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