ENThis chapter provides a comparative analysis of the researched pathways to empowerment of socially vulnerable youth in the VET systems and institutions of Norway and the Baltic countries by looking into the institutional-political dimension (implications of the VET policies, reforms and change of skill formation institutions), the processes (implications of the processes of VET and skill formation), and the learner dimension (the agency of learners at risk). It also provides tentative insights into the potential of policy learning between the analysed countries and beyond this group. Keywords Empowerment; Vocational education and training; Vulnerable VET students; Socially vulnerable youth; Agency; VET reforms; Baltic countries; Norway.