Deliktinės ir sutartinės atsakomybės konkurencija

LTStraipsnyje apibrėžiama sutartinės ir deliktinės atsakomybės konkurencijos sąvoka, aptariamos ją lemiančios priežastys, pateikiami galimi sprendimo variantai, nurodomi konkretaus ieškinio pagrindo naudojimo padariniai. Analizuojant šiuos klausimus remiamasi didžiųjų Europos teisinių sistemų – Vokietijos, Prancūzijos ir Anglijos, taip pat vienos Baltijos valstybės – Estijos – teorija bei teismų praktika. Lietuvos teisinės literatūros, kurioje išsamiau analizuojama ši problematika, nėra, o teisės aktai tokią klausimą nereglamentuoja, todėl analizuojant Lietuvos teisę remiamasi rasta (nors ir negausia) kasacinės instancijos teismo praktika. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Civilinė atsakomybė; Deliktinė atsakomybė; Sutartinė atsakomybė; Žala; Civil liability; Contractual liability; Damages; Tortious liability.

ENThe article analyses the fundamental issues of the so-called problem of concurrence of actions in contract and tort the concept, the causes that deter mine this situation, possible versions of solution, as well as theoretical and practical consequences of the application of a definite type of liability in situations where tort law and contract law overlap. As this problem has not been subjected to any deeper analysis in the Lithuanian legal literature and those issues as usually are not regulated in the legislation, the present analysis of the law of our State is based on the available practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania (however scanty it might be). In addition, in order to analyse this problem as comprehensively as possible, the author refers to the theory and practice in the area of the concurrence between contractual and tortious liability in the major legal systems of Europe German, French, English as well as that of one of the Baltic States Estonian. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the most widespread versions of solving the issue of the concurrence in the contemporary law a rule allowing concurrence (cumul) and a rule of exclusive liability (non-concurrence, non-cumul); gives a description of the most common exceptions in the application of those rules found in the theory of court practice of foreign countries; as well as suggests other possible, though less popular, ways of resolving situations of the concurrence.On the other hand, the author argues that some practical situations only externally resemble cases of the concurrence, though they should not be regarded as such. An analysis of the Supreme Court practice shows the emergence of the issues of concurrence between tortious and contractual liability in concrete cases. However, it is still difficult to distinguish any definite version of a solution of this problem offered by the Court, as, firstly, not a single ruling includes a detailed definition of this problem as such, though the factual circumstances of the case and the legal evaluation thereof presented by parties shows the appearance of the problem; and, secondly, the chosen ways of solving the problem do not always conform to the achievements in foreign legal science. The separate part of the article offers an analysis of the 'contractual chains' situations, i.e. where a party to a contract suffers damage as a result of a violation of a contract concluded between his contrahent and a third party because of the fault of this third party. Such situations give rise to two essential questions: whether the aggrieved person a per son at one of the ends of a contract chain may in general file a suit against the violator the person at the other end of the contract chain or the existence of a contractual chain nevertheless entitles the aggrieved person file a suit against the other party of the contract, while the latter might bring a claim against the actual violator the party to his own contract. […]. [text from author]