Lietuviškasis pozityvizmas - jo interpretavimas ir paieškos Lietuvos kultūrinėje mintyje

LTPozityvizmas - filosofinė sistema ir pasaulėžiūra, apėmusi kone visas XIX a. vidurio ir pabaigos Vakarų Europos visuomeninio gyvenimo dvasinio bei kultūrinio gyvenimo sritis, Lietuvą pasiekė per Lenkijos ir Rusijos universitetus, kuriuose studijavo lietuviai studentai. Straipsnyje siekiama išsiaiškinti, kiek pozityvizmo paieškos ir interpretavimas pasistūmėjęs lietuvių grožinės literatūros kritinėje mintyje, stengiamasi aptarti vyravusias vertinimo tendencijas, nuomones ir keliamus probleminius klausimus. Taip pat aiškinamasi, kokia buvo lenkiškojo pozityvizmo įtaka ir kaip ji buvo interpretuojama, kaip suprantama sąvoka lietuviškasis pozityvizmas. Tyrimo objektas - literatūrologiniai ir kultūrologiniai darbai, spausdinti atskirais leidiniais ar spaudoje nuo XX a. pradžios, kai pozityvizmo klausimas tampa aktualus ir Lietuvoje. PAGRINDINIAI ŽODŽIAI: pozityvizmas, pozityvistas, XIX a. lietuvių literatūra.

ENPositivism was a philosophical system and attitude which overwhelmed almost all fields of social, emo tional and cultural life in Western Europe of XIX cen tury. Positivism reached Lithuania via Lithuanian stu dents that had studied in Poland and Russia. The true conception of Positivism had not formed in Lithuania but some main features can be traced in Lithuanian fic tion and various publications. This publication {Lithua Its nian Positivism: Lithuanian Cultural and Research in Interpretation Mind) aims to analyse the ways Positivism was interpreted and promoted in Lithuanian fiction as well as to introduce the predominated tenden cies of evaluation of the trend. The author also searches both the influence of Polish Positivism for Lithuanian fiction and the ways Lithuanian Positivism was under stood and commented in Poland. The article relies on literary and cultural publications, books and articles in press issued from the beginning of XX century when Positivism was popular in Lithuania. J. Tumas-Vaižgantas was the first Lithuanian person who began to talk about positivism in Lithuanian culture in 1924 in the Varpas newspaper. In the first critical works of Lithuanian fiction (XX c. 3 rd decade) the problem of Positivism was discussed. The most frequent theme was the dispersion of Polish Positivism and its influence in Lithuania. In this time a dilemma rose: was Positivism acceptable in national terms - Polish Positiv ism - Lithuanian Positivism? Such outstanding intellec tuals like J. Tumas-Vaižgantas, A. Dambrauskas Jakštas, P. Mašiotas. J. Lindė-Dobilas, Z. Kuzmickis. J. Brazaitis (Ambrazevičius), A. Iešmantas and others wrote about Positivism.At the end of fourth decade influence of Polish Posi tivism can be observed to the XIX century Lithuanian public life. The statements became stronger with the help of Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, P. Juodelis and oth ers. J. Lazauskas published some kind of programme how to change negative attitude to Positivism of the end of XIX century. During the Postwar period Positivism was interpreted as a liberal bourgeoisie philosophy and its research in the end of XIX c. Lithuanian fiction, without some ex ceptions, was pushed away to cultural research bounds. The same way like in interwar positivism is linked with V. Kudirka and the Varpas. In the 8 decade the influence of positivism to XIX c Lithuanians literary make no doubts. And this under standing is growing. Positivists are called V. Pietaris (V. Katilius, G. Ilgūnas, V. Vanagas), Šatrijos Ragana (J. Žėkaitė), in their thoughts Žemaitė and Lazdynų Pelėda (B. Ciplijauskaitė), A. Vilkutaitis (V. Kuz mickas), P. Vileišis (J. Aničas), L. Malinauskaitė-Eglė, J. Andziulaitis-Kalnėnas (I. Skurdenienė) and others. Interwar period and later the source of positivism in Lithuania were mostly linked with V. Kudirka and with Lietuvos draugija established in Warsaw in 1888. Some researchers trace out Positivism even earlier: B. Genze lis found the beginning of positivism in Lithuanian au thor J. Šliūpas Išganymas vargdienio, 1886 edition. The typical positivist for L. Matulevičius is P. Vileišis, who published first positive works in 1876. Polish researcher J. Ochmanskis seeks Positivism in the middle of XIX c. Lithuania, he links these searches with M. Akelaitis.