Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos žemaičių kalba

LTJurgiui Ambraziejui Pabrėžai (1771 m. sausio 15 d. - 1849 m. lapkričio 11 [spalio 30] d.), kunigui, Kretingos bernardinų vienuolyno vienuoliui, pirmajam žemaitiškai rašiusiam botanikui, dėmesio kultūros istorikai visada skyrė nemaža. Daugiau kaip prieš dvidešimt metų Nijolės Kišūnienės parengta bibliografija apie jį sudarė 107 pozicijas, dabar ji, žinoma, būtų daug ilgesnė. Pabrėža yra susilaukęs bent trijų monografinių studijų: Petro Ruškio, Juozo Tarvydo ir Viktoro Gidžiūno, pastarąją neseniai paskelbė Lietuvių Katalikų Mokslo Akademija. Rašyta ir apie Pabrėžos ortografiją, žemaičių kalbos vartojimą. Tačiau sistemingai jo pažiūros į žemaičių rašybą ir kalbą, tų pažiūrų kitimas, Pabrėžos ieškojimai ir pastangos įtvirtinti savo pažiūras to meto žemaičių visuomenėje dar nėra detaliau tirti. Šios studijos tikslas ir yra nuosekliau bei išsamiau įvertinti šiuos aspektus. Kadangi rašyba yra akivaizdžiausias - tiek Pabrėžai, tiek mums - rašomosios kalbos lygmuo, pradėti tirti nuo rašybos prasminga. Tam svarbu peržiūrėti visus jo žemaitiškus tekstus [p. 11].

EN1. Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (1771-1849) established his own Samogitian orthography. On the other hand he did not use any other letters than the ones used in Polish orthography. The uniqueness of Pabrėža's writing comes from his effort to adjust 18th century Lithuanian or Polish orthography to Samogitian texts, his selection of letters to convey Samogitian phonemes. 2. Pabrėža perfected his orthography step by step as the years went by. In 1798 in Raudėnai he still used a mixture of Aukštaitish (a more exact 18th century Lithuanian written language) and Samogitian, but in 1799 in Tverai already decided to write consistently in Samogitian: his writings are dominated by ó [o], ą [on] (not at the beginning of words), ón [on] (at the beginning of words), óu [ou], om [om], yі [eі]. 1800-August 10, 1801 he began to write the combination kia [k'e] as kie (gia [g'e] was turned into gie earlier). When already working in Plungė instead of le [l'іе] he introduced lie from September 29, 1801 to September 8, 1802. Later he still hesitated' three times, over whether it would not be better to write le again (April 5, 1803, November 1, 1808-October 2, 1809, and January 1, 1810-April 2, 1811). At the same time (September 29, 1801-September 8, 1802) in Plungė he changed ci [č'] to czi [č']. Ca. November 2, 1805 he decided to denote the Samogitian diphthong [ęі] not by yi, as earlier, but by yy, though he soon stopped this experiment. From December 8, 1807 to November 1, 1808, already living in Kartena Pabrėža began to write gy, ky instead of giy [g'ę ]/ kiy [k'e]. Also in Kartena from October 2, 1809 to April 2, 1811 he rejected the written combination gie [g'e], kie [k'e] and introduced ge, ke. Later (from the end of 1816, living in Kretinga) Pabrėža did not modify his orthography for a long time, the only change to be mentioned is that ca.May 21, 1822 zi [ž'i] was changed into zi in his sermons. The new reform wave in Pabrėža's orthography appeared only in 1831: although not very consistently, he began to change the orthography of palatalised consonants [č'], [š'], [ž'] for which ć, ś, ź are introduced and began to denote ą [on] also at the beginning of the words, as earlier in the middle of the words. From 1831 to 1834 he further modified it and began to denote [č'] and [š'] in his own way: ćź and śź. At the same time he also introduced a new manner to denote long and lengthened vowels, namely, by writing them double (e. g. aa, ee, yy, oo, óó, etc.) linguistic. 3. There might have been three linguistic motives for Pabrėžai modifications: a) to establish a uniform orthography (gia [g'e], kia [k'e]>gie, kie; ci [č']>czi; yi [ei]>yy>yi; giy [g'ę], kiy [k'e ]>gy, ky; gie [g'e], kie [k'e]>ge, ke; ą [on] in all the positions; b) to transcribe the sounds of Samogitian more exactly (le [l'ie]>lie; zi [ž'i]>żi>źi; and the double vowels); c) to give norms for the Standard Samogitian Written Language (SSWL) (ćź, śź double vowels). There might have been extra-linguistic reasons for the further urge to change his orthography, namely, changes of habitat, internal disturbances, social events. 4. Until the very beginning of the new orthographical reform in 1831, Pabrėža apparently uses the same orthography for all his scientific and religious texts. From 1831-1834, however, his religious texts were written according to the earlier orthography (without ćź, śź and double vowels), while in his diverse secular writings he used his innovations. It is possible to claim that ca. 1828-1831 (or perhaps a little later) Pabrėža decided to create a standard Samogitian written language for secular texts. The religious texts continued to be only auxiliary forms of oral language.Though he had written in Samogitian for a long time, he decided to create the SSWL only in his sixties. he different traditions of the written language in Prussia and the GDL). He expected not all future Samogitians, only the more enlightened ones to use his SSWL. He did not model the standard spoken language more profoundly, because while creating written norms he relied on oral use, anyway. 6. He tried to spread his SSWL and implant it into all his and his students' (especially Simon Gross' and Juozas Butavičius') writings. The most important works preserving Pabrėža's SSWL are the following: a) his own "Tayslós augumyynis", i. e. A Systematisation of Plants on 1000 p (1843); b) Simon Gross' "Kałbrieda Leżuwe Zemaytyszka", i. e. a grammar and a Polish-Samogitian dictionary of the basic 3,000 words (1835); c) Simonas Daukantas' "Istorija žemaitiška" (Samogitian History) copied by Juozas Butavičius, ca. 1000 p (ca. 1834-May 16, 1835). We have to emphasise that owing to Pabrėža the Kretinga Bernardine Monastery, especially after the 1831 uprising, became a very important centre of Samogitian culture. Nevertheless the wide range of Pabrėža's efforts to create and implant a standard language were forgotten for a long time, since there have never been any books printed in his SSWL, even up to now.