Du apaštalai ir kampainis. Šv. Judo Tado ir šv. Tomo ikonografijos genezės klausimai

LTŠiuo tekstu siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, dėl kokios priežasties su šv. apaštalo Tomo hagiografine tradicija susijęs architekto instrumentas kampainis taip pat vaizduojamas ir šv. apaštalo Judo Tado ikonografijoje. Norint šį tikslą pasiekti, pristatomi apokrifiniai ir hagiografiniai tekstai, akcentuojama apaštalų vardų kilmė, atpasakojamas ikonografijai įtaką dariusių istorijų turinys. Apaštališkos bendrystės išryškinimas paliečia „brolio dvynio“ sąvokos interpretaciją bei šv. Judo Tomo ir šv. Judo Tado sutapatinimą lėmusio I–III a. gnosticizmo kontekstą. Tekstai atskleidžia, kad šv. Tomo ir šv. Judo Tado misija geografiškai yra susaistyta su Indijos, Sirijos, Mažosios Azijos evangelizacija. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Judas, Tomas, Tadas, kampainis, apokrifai, ikonografija. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe research seeks to find an answer to the question of why an architect’s instrument – a square – which is related to the hagiographical tradition of St. Thomas the Apostle, also appears in the iconography of St. Jude Thaddeus. For this purpose, apocryphal and hagiographic texts are presented, the origin and meaning of the names of the apostles are emphasised, and the contents of the narratives that had an impact on the iconography are recounted. The discussed apocryphal and hagiographical texts allow us to assert that an architect’s tool – a square – belongs to St. Thomas and refers to the palace built by the apostle in Paradise and his mission in India. Meanwhile, the appearance of a square in the hands of St. Jude Thaddeus should be regarded as a misunderstanding originating from apocryphal texts, an error that is evident in the iconography of the late Middle Ages and in Lithuanian church art. This confusion is associated with the personal name of Jude: St. Jude Thaddeus and St. Jude Thomas. Jude was one of the most popular names in Israel, while Thomas is not a personal name – Thomas (Greek Δίδυμος, Didimos) means ‘a twin’ and is a person’s description or nickname. It can be seen that the duplication of St. Jude Thomas and St. Jude Thaddeus derives from the gnostic and apocryphal traditions of the 1st– 3rd century that not only speak about these namesake heroes, but also testify to their common mission: the apostles St. Thomas and St. Judas Thaddeus were geographically and conceptually related to the evangelisation of India, Syria, and Asia Minor.In the Middle Ages, the cult of St. Jude Thaddeus deteriorated because of the story of his namesake, Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus. Nevertheless, St. Bridget of Sweden in her Heavenly Revelations (Old Swedish Himmelska uppenbarelser, Latin Revelationes, 1492) says that the Lord instructed her to pray to this saint with confidence, because he can save one from hopeless situations in life. After the appearance of Heavenly Revelations, the cult of St. Jude Thaddeus began to spread in Western Europe. An abundance of images of St. Jude Thaddeus is clearly seen in sixteenth-century Western European art, and in the 17th century, the cult of St. Jude Thaddeus spread in Central Eastern Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, and Poland. Encyclopaedias assert that in the 18th century, the personal name Thaddeus became very popular in these countries, and mention Adam Mickiewicz’s poem Pan Tadeusz (1834). In Lithuania, devotion to he patron of hopeless cases, St. Jude Thaddeus, appeared in the eighteenth century: he is depicted both with Jesus and a square, but a square appears statistically more often. [From the publication]

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