Germanizmai lietuvių etninėje kultūroje. Lietuvių ir vokiečių kalbinė bei kultūrinė sąveika

LTLietuviai ir vokiečiai - ilgalaikiai kaimynai, paveikę vieni kitus tiek ekonominiu, tiek kultūriniu, tiek lingvistiniu aspektu. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiami šių tautų abipusių santykių įrodymai - žodžiai, perimti ir adaptuoti svetimoje jiems kalbinėje srityje. Tai vokiškieji skoliniai - germanizmai ir lietuviškieji, perimti Lietuvoje gyvenusių vokiečių - lituanizmai. Stebint šių žodžių kitimą, jų „skolinimosi" raidą ir išlikimą bei pateikiant duomenis apie vokiečių emigrantų kalbinius ir kultūrinius pernešimus Lietuvoje grindžiama iškelta hipotezė apie kaimyninės teorijos internacionalinius kultūrinius mainus, padariusius įtaką ne tik lietuvių kalbai, bet ir etninei kultūrai.

ENThe language is one of the fundamentai signs of nation's identification. Languages weren't hermetic, they ahvays was in the international change thanks to people. Languages took one from another the linguistic elements, structures, borrovved words. Not exception was Lithuanian and German languages - languages of old neighbours. The nation can't forget the past that the language brings in their words. The first encounters of Lithuanians and Germans were in XIII c. because of crusade and of foreigner's invitation to live in Lithuania that made the Lithuanian grand dūke Gediminas. That invitation used many Germans, who brought their culture and language with. The second German intrusion into Lithuanian culture was made in XVIII-XIX c, when the southwest part of Lithuania was attached to Prusia. Then appeared many German words in Lithuanian language and at the time they became the Lithuanian Germanisms. The third stage of Germanisation was in XXI c. - the time of the World wars, when Germany received a big part of Lithuanian land. Especially big Germanisation was in the Lithuanian lands of Klaipėda and Suvalkija, that's why today it's possible to find many Lithuanian words with German origin in these lands. Lithuanian ethnical culture and language suffered significant influence of German culture. This linguistic Germanisation may be separated in two parts: the old one (the late Middle Ages) and the new one (XVIII-XXI c).The examples of the old Germanisation are not many, they were disappeared or so changed that it's no more possible to recognise it. In Lithuanian dictionary of the present day we can find only some words of this Germanisation: gatvo (germ.) - gatvė (lith.) - the street (en.) Vokia (germ.) - vokietis (lith.) - the German (en.) The new Germanisation left the biggest dowry of Germanisms in Lithuanian everyday language. The loanwords of this stage (there are 298 facts) are survived very well. They can be subdivided into two groups: the words of daily use (that's mean householding, names of people and animal, meal, clothes): Gurta (lith.) *— Gurt, m - the beit (en.) gevircai (lith.) <— Gewürz, n - the spice (en.) The second group is smaller - there are German vvords of special purpose (technology, education, commerce): cvekas (lith.) <— Zwecke, f - the dravving pin (en.) blicas (lith.) «- Blitz, m - the flash (en.) In the "Encyclopaedia of the Little Lithuania" are interesting facts, that some Lithuanian words were token by German people that lived in Klaipėda land. These words (93 facts) were germanised and used likę German Lithuanisms. They have German articles, but their meaning is likę Lithuanian words: der Klump «— klumpė (lith.) - the wooden shue (en.) der Krepsch, die Krepsche <— krepšys (lith.) - the bag (en.) The hypothesis of the cultural interchange of Lithuania and Germany illustrate the examples of some words that are used by the describing of the šame or very similar things: Lithuanians took from Germans the word "the bag": „tašė" (die Tasche - germ.) and the Germans of Klaipėda area borrowed the word „der Krepsch" / „die Krepsche" (krepšys - lith.). German people experienced many difficulties of the identity keeping in Lithuania. There was another religion, weren't enough schools for their kids, the weddings were with people of other nation and religion.90% Germans, who lived in Lithuania long time or only some years, didn't speak German any more (there was political reasons also), some of they could remember the mother tongue and culture, but it was too few. The keeping of identity depends of many reasons: economical, educational, political situation and the stand of the emigrants' family. Anyvvay time of the time the national minority lose her national identity, which base are ethnical culture and mother tongue.