Sejm of the Commonwealth of Two Nations 1572-1668
LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Abiejų Tautų Respublika; Abiejų Tautų Respublikos Seimas; Pavietų seimeliai; Konvokacinis seimas; Elekcinis seimas; Liberum veto. Keywords: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; Sejm of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; Sejmiki; Convocation Sejm; Election Sejm; Liberum Veto.Reikšminiai žodžiai: 16 amžius; 17 amžius; Abiejų Tautų Respublika (ATR; Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Žečpospolita; Sandrauga; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth); Seimas; Seimeliai; Senatas; Deputatai; Konvencijos; Konfederacija; Sejm; Senate; Deputies; Sejmik; Confederation; Conventions; 16th century; 17th century.
ENIn 1572–1668 the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Two Nations underwent constant evolution. The greatest changes occurred at the time of the first interregnum (1572–74) after the death of the last Jagiellonian monarch – Zygmunt Augustus (1572). This was the time of the emergence of two types of new Sejms (convocation and election ones), functioning exclusively during the interregnum. The Henrician Articles (1574) resolved that the Sejm was to debate only for six weeks, and that the monarch was compelled to convoke it at least once every two years. The extraordinary Sejm was established in 1613 – it could be convened in cases of urgent needs and it sat for two or three weeks. The Parliament was composed of three estates: the king, the Senate, and the deputies as well as two chambers. The upper chamber (Senate) consisted of senators nominated by the monarch on a lifelong basis, and the lower chamber (Chamber of Deputies) – of deputies of the noble estate elected at pre-Sejm sejmiks (Polish: sejmiki). An integral part of the Parliament was composed of the Sejm court, both appellant and trying gravest crimes. The Crown and Lithuanian Tribunal, established in 1578–81, assumed appellation competences from the Sejm court. Tribunal judges were elected every year for a year-long term of office at special sejmiks known as deputational or deputy (judicial), which constituted a forum; here deputies presented to the voters accounts of their parliamentary activity.At the turn of 1591, post-Sejm or relational (debriefing) sejmiks were convened after the closure of the Sejm debates; here deputies presented reports concerning their parliamentary activities. The growing composition of the Parliament was associated with an expansion of state territory as a result of victorious wars waged against Muscovy. New bishoprics, voivodeships, and sejmiki were established. There were 140 senators in 1572, and 150 during the 1630s. Analogously, the number of deputies grew from 166 to 180. The Sejm acted upon the basis of a consensus, and thus was obligated to take into account the stand of the minorities. In 1652, the protest of a single deputy for the first time rendered further Sejm debates impossible. From then on, the Polish-Lithuanian Parliament constantly succumbed to a degradation process. [From the publication]
- Akta zjazdów stanów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego / opracował Henryk Lulewicz. Warszawa : Neriton, 2006-2009. 2 t. (451, 437).
- Gniewów o unię ciąg dalszy : stosunki polsko-litewskie w latach 1569-1588 / Henryk Lulewicz. Warszawa : Neriton, 2002. 457 p.
- Sejm Rzeczypospolitej za panowania Jana Kazimierza Wazy : prawo, doktryna, praktyka / Stefania Ochmann-Staniszewska, Zdzisław Staniszewski. Wrocław : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2000. 2 t.
- Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie w systemie parlamentarnym Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1569-1763 / Andrzej Rachuba. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2002. 373 p.
