Trakų pusiasalio pilies restauravimo darbai: XX amžiaus patirtis

LTStraipsnyje analizuojami 1953–2004 m. Trakų pusiasalio pilyje vykdyti restauravimo darbai. Jiems vadovavo tie patys architektai, kurie prižiūrėjo Salos pilies atstatymo darbus, dirbo tie patys mūrininkai, buvo naudojamos tos pačios medžiagos. Šio rašinio autorė pati vadovavo paskutiniam restauravimo darbų etapui, todėl straipsnyje yra daug autentiškos, „iš pirmų lūpų“ perteiktos informacijos, kuri nefiksuota jokiuose dokumentuose. Iš archyvuose išlikusių projektų ir apmatavimų brėžinių, nuotraukų galima atsekti, kaip atrodė pilies statiniai prieš restauravimą, kokie buvo darbų etapai. Apžvelgiant pilies statinių būklę, įvertinamos tuo metu atliktų darbų sėkmės ir nesėkmės.

ENThe article discusses the conservation works performed on the Trakai Peninsula Castle between 1953 and 2004. The Trakai Peninsula Castle receives less attention as it stands next to one of the largest tourist attractions in Lithuania – the Trakai Island Castle. This article aims to shed light on the conservation works that were carried out in this castle in the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. In the early 19th century, Trakai became a spot attracting a great many visitors, and the interest in its castles was growing. The first articles in the press appeared, and the first plans of the town of Trakai and drawings of the castles were compiled. In the early 20th century, the Imperial Archaeological Commission took charge of the protection of the Peninsula Castle. Reinforcement works were started. After World War I, there was a new wave of interest in the Trakai castles. In 1929–1930, conservation works were conducted with the aim to stabilise the emergency condition of the remnants of the buildings. Three stages of conservation works performed after World War II can be distinguished. In the first stage (1953–1960), under the direction of the architect Bronislovas Krūminis, the remnants of the castle buildings covered with rubble were partly cleared, and the most urgent reinforcement and partial conservation works were performed. This stage was significant in that the defensive complex was saved from oblivion, and the remnants of its walls were protected from collapse. The second stage (1961–1991) is related to the arrival of the architect Stanislovas Mikulionis to work at the Special Scientific Conservation Workshop.The planning of works started, programmes of archaeological research, repair and conservation works were prepared, and there was a lot of discussion about the repair and conservation methods. In that period, the planning structure of the peninsula castle was emphasised and the top-priority repair and conservation works were implemented. In the overall development project prepared in 1978, the direction of work methods was established. The third stage (1992–2004) started when the castle’s buildings were given over to the Trakai History Museum. At that time Stanislovas Mikulionis no longer worked at the Institute for the Development of Monument Restoration, and the author of this article was placed in charge of the research and planning works. To implement the overall development of the peninsula castle delineated in Mikulionis’s project of 1978, all the towers were covered with protective roofs, and the protective caps of the defensive walls were restored. The buildings of the former Dominican monastery were adapted to house the administration of the Trakai History Museum and an exhibition of church art, and cultural events taking place in the territory of the castle became an annual tradition.To overview the improvement works on the Trakai Peninsula Castle in the 20th century, it can be stated that during that century the castle morphed from an abandoned territory with collapsing buildings overgrown with wild trees into a hub of cultural events attracting both the residents and visitors of Trakai. Speaking about the quality of the conservation works, regrettably, it should be noted that both in the 20th and the early 21st century, they were performed inconsistently, technological conservation requirements were often not followed, and poor-quality materials were used. Conservation work is related to meticulous preparation, the use of time-proven methods, great precision and thoroughness in all stages. Therefore, while continuing the works in the 21st century, it is necessary to focus on consistent scientific research, improvement of conservation techniques and the quality of implemented works.