Laisvė išvykti: asmens judumo kontrolė Tado Kosciuškos sukilimo metu

LTStraipsnyje analizuojama asmens judumo kontrolės raida Tado Kosciuškos sukilimo metu. Remiantis centrinių sukilimo institucijų ir lokalinių Abiejų Tautų Respublikos tvarkomųjų komisijų dokumentacija atskleidžiama, kad leidimo išvykti dokumentų išdavimo reglamentavimas 1794 m. sukilimo metu Lenkijoje ir Lietuvoje atspindėjo bendrąsias Naujųjų laikų Europoje revoliucinių vyriausybių vykdytos asmenų migracijos kontrolės griežtinimo tendencijas. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: 1794 m. Tado Kosciuškos sukilimas; 1794 m. sukilimas; Judumo kontrolė; Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Migracija; Pasai; Pasų išdavimo tvarka; Varšuva; 1794 uprising; Control of peoples mobility; MMigration; Migration; Mobility control; Passport control; Passports; Tadeusz Kosciuszko uprising of 1794; Warsaw.

ENThe article analyses the development of mobility control in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Tadeusz Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. Based on the documentation of the central uprising institutions and the local regulatory commissions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the article reveals the administrative mobility control system introduced by the uprising leadership and shows that this system reflected the general tendencies of tightening migration control undertaken by revolutionary governments in Europe during the modern era. From the first days the leadership of the Kościuszko Uprising paid special attention to the control of arriving and departing persons. During the uprising the functions of mobility control and the issue of personal identification documents were performed by two-level institutions – the central leadership of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and local institutions – regulatory land commissions, which retained the name of civil military commissions in some places, as well as city magistrates. The military leadership issued permits of departure to the persons serving in the army. From the middle of April to the end of May 1794 the issue of passports in Warsaw was the responsibility of the Passport Deputation subordinate to the Security Department of the Provisional Deputy Commission. The Passport Deputation functioned in accordance with the regulation approved by the uprising leadership. From 28 May until the suppression of the uprising the activities of the Passport Deputation were subordinated to the Security Department of the Supreme National Council. The passports issued by the central uprising leadership were endorsed with a round seal of the uprising bearing a Polish slogan “Freedom, Unity and Independence” (Wolność, Całość y Niepodległość).In Vilnius departure permits were issued and the verification of personal identity was carried out by Lithuanian Supreme National Council; from 1 June 1794, this function was performed by the Passport Deputation of the Security Department under the Central Deputation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Whereas the uprising leadership sought to ensure domestic security, to identify foreigners, to know where they came from, for what purposes and where they travelled as well as prevent desertion and avoidance of military service, mobility control was continuously tightened up. Passport deputations subordinate to security departments had the goal to introduce a unified passport form; the requirements for travel documents were consistently standardised and improved; the procedure of the issue of documents was constantly tightened up by introducing the register books for issued passports and the mandatory stamping of passports with a visa by the example of Western Europe. The administrative mobility control system introduced by the uprising leadership was close to the passport issue system applied by civil military commissions in 1790–1792, but, due to the lack of time, a unified passport form was neither established in Poland nor Lithuania during the period of the uprising. There was no requirement to record the person’s physical features in the travel documents issued by central or local institutions during the period of the Kościuszko Uprising. The requirement for every person departing outside his/her residence area to hold a personal identification document complied with the general tendencies of tightening the mobility control in Western Europe in the era of uprisings and revolutions. [From the publication]