Ekologinės funkcijos estetinė raiška miesto kraštovaizdžio architektūroje: kai kurie teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai
LTStraipsnyje plėtojama miesto gamtos, kaip kraštovaizdžio architektūros objekto, tema ir ekologijos bei estetikos santykis darnaus vystymosi principais paremtoje miesto kraštovaizdžio architektūroje. Pirmajame skyriuje aptariamos plačiausiai žinomos kraštovaizdžio estetikos teorijos ir jų taikymo galimybės kraštovaizdžiui formuoti urbanizuotoje aplinkoje. Išsamiau analizuojami amerikiečių mokslininkės ir kraštovaizdžio architektės J. I. Nassauer ekologinės funkcijos estetinės raiškos miesto aplinkoje teoriniai siūlymai, juos iliustruojant realiais žaliųjų erdvių miestuose pavyzdžiais. Antrajame skyriuje pateikiamos praktinės rekomendacijos miesto kraštovaizdžių formavimui remiantis J. I. Nassauer koncepcijomis. Tyrimo rezultatai gali būti naudingi tiek toliau tyrinėjant teorinius miesto gamtos raiškos ir formavimo klausimus, tiek ir kraštovaizdžio architektūros praktikoje ieškant darnių sprendimų urbanizuotoms erdvėms.
ENThe material of urban environment and its expression are shaped by the main three elements: built structures, open spaces, and natural elements. Urban nature is the territories and lots of different size existing in the administrational limits of the urban area and visually dominated by natural elements. Urban nature is undoubtedly significant from the ecological point of view. Even the cities themselves can be seen as ecosystems. However, the urban settings with natural territories and lots of different size are the objects of aesthetic perception and landscape architecture as well. Thus, the cultural sustainability of ecological design in urban landscapes is one of the main premises of effective functioning of ecologically valuable territories in urban environment and of the general sustainability of the urban environment. Bearing this in mind, the article is devoted to the topic of urban nature as the object of landscape architecture and the links between the ecology and aesthetics in sustainable urban landscape architecture. The first section of the text presents the most widely known landscape aesthetics theories and discusses the possibilities to apply them in designing ecologically valuable and psychologically and socially acceptable landscapes in urban environment.The theoretical proposals of aesthetic expression of ecological function in urban environment developed by the American researcher and landscape architect J. I. N Nassauer are analyzed here in detail; these proposals are illustrated by the examples of green urban spaces. The concept of “messy ecosystems in orderly frames” developed by J. I. Nassauer allows introducing valuable ecosystems into urban environment by providing them with landscape architecture features meeting general social expectations and by demonstrating the so-called cues of care. The second part of the text presents the practical recommendation for urban landscape architecture based on the concepts by J. I. Nassauer. The aesthetics of borders and limits, the universal and local landscape architecture means are distinguished and discussed in this part of the text. The results of the research can be useful for both the further analysis of theoretical issues of expression and development of urban nature and for the practice of landscape architecture in searching the sustainable solutions for urban spaces.
