Transporto ir tarptautinės prekybos tarp Baltijos šalių ir Turkijos geografija

LTŠiame straipsnyje aptariama transporto geografijos raida ir jos aktualumas, atliekant transporto sistemų tyrimus. Analizuojama transporto geografijos tyrimo objekto struktūra (prekių ir gyventojų judėjimas), tiriama erdvinė dviejų regionų (teritorijų) – Baltijos šalių (Lietuvos, Latvijos, Estijos) ir Turkijos – sąveika. Analizuojami transporto ir logistikos (paskirstymo) geografiniai veiksniai, lemiantys tarptautinių krovinių ir keleivių vežimus tarp Baltijos šalių ir Turkijos. Tiriami tarptautinės prekybos srautai (importas ir eksportas), jų kaita laike ir vertės pokyčiai. Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais nustatyti ir palyginti tarptautinės prekybos ekonominiaigeografiniai veiksniai, keleivių srautai, nustatyti erdvinės ekonominės sąveikos tarp Baltijos šalių ir Turkijos skirtumai.

ENRecently, the most intensive processes related to international trade and movement of population are between the countries and regions that have elaborated models of international cooperation. The intensity of movement depends on inter-governmental agreements and the level of developed transport systems. The synchronized and plannified transport systems ensure the movement of trends of population and trade. This mentioned movement leads towards the studies of transport geography and its object of research. Significant input in transport geography researches were accomplished by prof. Jean Paul Rodrigue, who researched different systems in transport geography, logistics and the territorial distribution of transportation of consignments (Hesse, Rodrigue, 2004). J. P. Rodrigue (2009) argued that changes in transport geography depend on social economic changes in society. The studies of international transportation of the consignments require complex approach of researchers and scientists. Due to geographic location of the Baltic countries and Turkey, all the mentioned countries are significant for transit of consignments to the Nordic European countries and the Middle East region. The mercantile relations between the Baltic countries and Turkey started to develop since the Baltic countries regained their independence. The spatial economic interaction was reinforced by signed up agreements of mutual economic cooperation. The value and changes in time of exporting and importing consignments indicate the scopes of international trade relations. During the period of 1996−2012, there were distinguished three following stages of international trade relations: 1) During the period of 1996−2004 Turkey imports more from the Baltic states than exports therein. 2) During the period of 2005−2010, when the Baltic countries already joined to the EU, there were observed more intensive international trade between both regions.3) Since 2011Turkey is increasing the import of consignments from the Baltic countries. The balance of international trade between Turkey and the Baltic countries is negative, i.e. for the benefit to the Baltic states. Turkey exports textile, fruits and vegetables, equipment of road transport and domestic mechanisms. The Baltic countries export metal debris, grains and horned cattle. These three groups of exporting goods had the biggest share import value from the Baltic countries to Turkey. Usually, Turkey has an association as the country for holidays. During the period of 2000−2012 about 1.3 mln. visitors in Turkey were originated from the Baltic countries. About 95 percent of them were tourists. The Baltic countries have an association as the countries for business and studies in particular. The biggest amount of trucks was visiting Latvia and Lithuania. In the meantime, the trend of visitors to Estonia was the smallest one.