Арганізацыя гарадской улады ў Полацку ад канца XIV да сярэдзіны XVI ст

LTStraipsnyje tiriama Polocko miesto valdžios struktūros kaita nuo XIV a. pabaigos iki Livonijos karo (1558-1583 m.). Ankstyvasis Polocko miesto istorijos laikotarpis palieka daug neatsakytų klausimų, tačiau galima teigti, kad Polocke nuo seno veikė stipri miestiečių bendruomenė. Istoriniai šaltiniai liudija, kad miesto tijūno pareigybė egzistavo 1385 m., tačiau veikiausiai ji jau buvo XIII a. Polocko dalinės kunigaikštystės valdymas buvo pakeistas XIV a. pab, kuomet Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis skyrė vietininką. Tai lėmė ir miesto valdymo pokyčius. Vietininkai, vėliau vaivados, turėjo aukščiausią valdžią, tokiu būdu sumažėjo miesto savarankiškumas, nors tam tikra savivalda išliko. XV a. buvo bandoma reformuoti miesto valdymą įvedant dešimtininkų pareigybę, bet ji neprigijo. Miesto susirinkimai („viečės“) veikė Polocke dar dalinės kunigaikštytės laikais XIV a., tačiau XV a. kiek pakito. Nauja miesto valdymo sistema buvo įdiegta 1498 m. miestui suteikus Magdeburgo teises. Tuo metu atsirado vaito, kurį turėjo skirti didysis kunigaikštis ir lentvaičio (vaito vietininko) pareigybės, įsteigta 20 tarėjų (per pusę katalikų ir stačiatikių), buvo renkami 2 burmistrai (katalikas ir stačiatikis). Vėliau tarėjų skaičius išaugo iki 24, burmistrų – iki 8. Miesto tarėjai ir burmistrai tvirtai atstovavo miesto savivaldą, o jais dažniausiai buvo įtakingi pirkliai. Amatininkai savivaldos institucijoje buvo atstovaujami gana menkai.

ENThis article analyses a structural change of Polotsk city in between the end of the 14th century and the beginning of the Livonian War period (1558-1583). There is still a decent amount of questions being raised in terms of early historical times of Polotsk city, however, it is also discussed that Polotsk has been found as a strong urban community. According to historical sources, the position of city adminintrator existed in 1385, on the other hand it is stated that it has already been noticed in the 13th century. In the end of the 14th century, the partial duchy of Polotsk was replaced after the Grand Duke of Lithuania appointed a vicegerent. This has also led to changes into city governance. The sovereignty was managed by vicegerents and later on by voivodes. Due to this fact a self-sufficiency has dropped, however, a perception of self-government still remained clear. In the 15th century, there was a new reform created in terms of introducing a dean position, which was not adapted. City meetings were being held in Polotsk during the partial duchy period of the 14th century, however, in the 15th century they have slightly changed. The new city management system was introduced in year of 1498, straight after a city had developed Magdeburg rights. At that time two other roles had appeared that were set by the Grand Duke. 20 assessors (half part of Catholics and Orthodox) were set up. There were also elections being held with the intention to assign 2 burgomasters (1 Catholic and 1 Orthodox). Subsequently, the number of assessors increased up to 24, in comparison to the burgomasters whose amount has raised up to number 8. City assessors and burgomasters were mostly influential merchants and have been firm representors of their government. Craftsmen were relatively poorly represented in a view of self-governmental institutions.