Architektūrinis reglamentavimas valstybiniuose parkuose siekiant kraštovaizdžio vizualinės kokybės
LTApžvelgiamas kraštovaizdžio vizualinio pobūdžio kaitos reglamentavimo teisinis ir metodinis pagrindas bei išskiriamos pagrindinės architektūrinio reglamentavimo problemos priežastys valstybiniuose parkuose. Pateikiamas teorinis planuojamo objekto vizualinio poveikio aplinkai vertinimo modelis kaip viena iš priemonių gerinti planuojamo objekto ir kraštovaizdžio vizualinį santykį siekiant kraštovaizdžio vizualinės kokybės. Aptariamas siūlomo modelio taikymas reglamentuojant rekreacinio komplekso architektūrinius sprendimus Trakų istoriniame nacionaliniame parke. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Architektūrinis reglamentavimas; Kraštovaizdis; Kraštovaizdžio vizualinė kokybė; Poveikio aplinkai vertinimas; Trakų istorinis nacionalinis parkas; Valstybiniai parkai; Vizualinio poveikio aplinkai vertinimas; Vizualinė kokybė; Architectural regulation; Evaluation of environement impact; Landscape; Landscape visual quality; State parks; Trakai Historical National Park; Visual impact assessment of the environment; Visual quality.
ENNational and regional parks are protected territories established in order to protect landscapes with the biggest aesthetical and ecological potential. However, today there is a significant decrease of these values even in such territories. One of the reasons of the situation are difficulties in the architectural regulation of new constructions which are in the process denying environmental context. While building structures not traditional architectural solutions, forms, colours, textures, materials are used etc. Because of that new constructions change landscape historic visual character and reduce landscape visual quality. Trying to find solution of the architectural regulation problem, reasons of the situation are reviewed, a methodical model for assessing visual impact of a planned object on the environment is proposed and the application of the model when regulating architectural solutions of the recreational complex in Trakai Historic National Park is discussed in the paper. As to the reasons of the architectural regulation problem, it is obvious that there are a lot of theoretical works in which changes in regulation principles of landscape visual character are analysed although these principles are not properly implemented in juridical regulation and practical activity. Thereby the main reasons of the problem are lack of juridical and methodical basis of architectural regulation in national and regional parks. For solving the last issue of the methodical basis, a methodical model of planned object visual impact assessment on the environment is proposed.The essence of the model is determination of protected landscape visual type, description of existing landscape visual character and creation of achievable landscape visual model after comparing the existing landscape visual model with the determined indicators of the protected landscape visual type. These indicators are characteristics of landscape visual spaces, proportion of greened and open areas, planned and spatial structure of buildings and plants, visual contrast of buildings according to line, form, colour and texture. Afterwards, it is necessary to define the indicators of a planned object considering viewers and visual impact zones, to evaluate visual impact according to the indicators of the achievable landscape visual model and to choose the means to reduce possible negative landscape visual changes because of architectural solutions (Fig 1). The described methodical model for assessing visual impact on the environment is applied when regulating architectural solutions of the recreational complex in Trakai Historic National Park. At first a protected landscape visual model was created according to the planning scheme of the park and existing landscape visual character was described (Figs 2-6). After comparing the visual model indicators of the protected and existing landscape, the landscape values to be protected and possible changes of landscape visual character were determined. Thus, an achievable landscape visual model was prepared. Description of the physical and visual characteristics of the recreational complex (Figs 7, 8) showed its visual impact on the landscape according the indicators of the achievable landscape visual model.Seeking to reduce possible negative landscape visual changes, two possible models of the recreational complex architectural solutions were prepared (Figs 9, 10). Therefore, the main conclusions are: 1) the problem of architectural regulation in national and regional parks arises because of lack of juridical and methodical basis; 2) suggested methodical model for assessing visual impact of a planned object on the environment is one of the means to achieve a better visual relationship between planned object architectural solutions and landscape; 3) application of the model trying to regulate the architectural solutions of the recreational complex in Trakai Historic National Park shows that this methodical model could be used when preparing detailed recommendations for visual impact assessment of planned landscape changes. [From the publication]
