Periodinės savilaidos formavimasis: sovietinio disidentizmo reiškinys ir Lietuvos katalikiškasis judėjimas

LTStraipsnio tikslas - apibrėžti disidentinio judėjimo sąvoką ir, remiantis lyginamąja analise, išnagrinėti bendras periodinės savilaidos formavimosi tendencijas disidentizmo Sovietų Sąjungoje raidos kontekste. Tokie spaudos tyrimai leistų įvardyti Lietuvos katalikiškąjį judėjimą kaip sovietinio disidentizmo reiškinį, kuris, nors ir kilęs skirtingose tautinėse istorinėse bendruomenėse, atspindėjo bendrus sovietinės visuomenės laikysenos politinės sistemos atžvilgiu pokyčius. Straipsnyje daugiausia tiriama Rusijos žmogaus teisių, žydų emigracinio ir Lietuvos katalikiškojo judėjimo, kurie atspindi disidentinių judėjimų įvairovę Sovietų Sąjungoje, periodinė savilaida (žr. lentelę), nors tyrimas apima ir kitų judėjimų leistą periodiką. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Disidentinis judėjimas; Disidentinis judėjimas, spauda, disidentai, Lietuvos katalikų bažnyčia, sovietmetis; Periodinė savilaida; Sovietų režimas; Dissident movement; Dissident movement, press, Lithuanian Catholic church; Periodical Samizdat; Soviet regime.

ENComparative analysis of the periodical Samizdat as a dissident movement is based on a strict definition of the dissident movement. This definition reflects the dissident movement notions presented in the works of P. Reddaway, V. Shlapentokh, D. Spechler, R. Tokes and G. Ionescu and is defined as follows: the essential attribute of the Soviet dissident movement was to pursue government control independent activities. Their purpose was not to change the existing regime, but to cause changes within the system. The dissidents did not restrict only to the activities permissible by the political system, but would often exceed the limits tolerated by the government, The Lithuanian Catholic, Jewish emigrational and Russian human rights' movements though having started to develop in different historical national communities in the 50s arc all attributed to the category of the common dissident movement. The main purpose of the article is to prove that such classification of the given movements is also based on the development of the periodical bookwork like Samizdat press. Having originated in the Soviet Union just before the dissident movements, the Samizdat press has gradually become an important action clement of those movements. The dissident periodical Samizdat was based on the new press idea established by the Samizdat journals which had started to be published in Russia during the 50s and 60s. The movements having absorbed this idea, the periodical Samizdat press was dissociated from the opposition press or the one involving very few readers.The rise of the dissident periodical Samizdat press and its content reflected the objectives and tasks set by every movement, however the common feature of the Samizdat was that it has been developed as a response to the repressions and license of the Soviet regime. The Russian human rights' movement has initially based its periodical Samizdat on the model of collected documents on political trials, and therefore this publishing was referred to “fact language". The development of the periodical Samizdat as a response to the Soviet repressions determined that the Lithuanian Catholic and Jewish emigrational movements referred to the experience of such periodical informational Samizdat published by the human right movement. All the reviewed dissident movements tended to refer to the conception of the periodical Samizdat as a legal activity. Emphasis on the legitimacy of the Samizdat evidenced the underlying feature of the dissident movement - disassociation from the tasks to change the very system. Nevertheless, considering the continuous regime repressions and derogation of liberty, the legal activity conception which was close to the principle of publicity was transformed. The main criteria defining the legitimacy of activities when publishing dissident periodical Samizdat was then to ignore the laws of the Soviet regime. Another aspect was also used to establish the principle of legitimacy - the publication presented only objective and authentic information, i.e. based on the “fact language". Moreover, the periodical Samizdat also became the force having determined the upraise of relations between the separate dissident movements.The first relations between the rudiments of the Lithuanian and Russian dissident movements were the result of Samizdat journal publication in Russia. Meanwhile, the exigencies of the booming dissident periodical Samizdat in between the 60s and 70s have determined relations between the already existing Lithuanian Catholic and human rights' movements. Thus, though having different objectives and based on different social layers, the dissident movements reflected common development trends. The dissident periodical Samizdat evolution displayed deep interface between these movements. The periodical Samizdat of the Lithuanian Catholic movement corresponded to the general trends of the Soviet dissident movement and reflected continuity of activities between the movements of individual development. Therefore, the Lithuanian Catholic as well as the Jewish emigrational and the human rights' movements can he attributed to the general category - the phenomenon of the Soviet dissidentism. [Text from author]