Prieveiksminiai antriniai predikatyvai

LTRemiantis lietuvių kalbos medžiaga ir tipologiniais tyrimais, straipsnyje pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas tokiuose, kaip „Pakeliaukime daugiau pėsčiomis“ (Ulvydas et al. 1976, 503) „Bertašių pabarėj kirto keturiese“ (Ulvydas et al. 1976, 503), sakiniuose vartojamiems prieveiksmiams. Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas – aptarti prieveiksmiais reiškiamus antrinius predikatyvus. Pagrindinio predikato modifikatorius skirstant pagal semantinę orientaciją galima kalbėti apie antrinius predikatyvus ir aplinkybes. Antriniai predikatyvai orientuoti į vieną iš pagrindinės predikacijos argumentų, t. y. turi semantinę sąsają su referentu. Aplinkybės susijusios su pačiu tariniu. Antriniai predikatyvai – depiktyvai, rezultatyvai, aplinkybiniai – gali būti reiškiami ne tik linksnio kategoriją turinčiu – paprastai derinamuoju – žodžiu, bet ir prieveiksmiu. Vienais atvejais skirtingas žymėjimas yra opozicinis, kitais – variantiškas. Esama polinkio prieveiksminį antrinį predikatyvą vartoti greta argumento, su kuriuo jis semantiškai susijęs.

ENIn Lithuanian, adjectives, nouns and adverbs occur in several syntactic functions, among others as adjuncts, i.e. modifiers (as secondary predicates and / or as adverbials), and in copula clauses as (primary) predicates. The choice between adjectives, nouns and adverbs is usually governed by certain syntactic-semantic factors: adjectives and nouns in these syntactic positions usually occur as participant-oriented, whereas adverbs usually exhibit event-orientation. Adverbs, however, seem to be not necessarily and exclusively event-oriented but instead may exhibit semantic orientation towards a participant, i.e. personal referent, and sometimes can be in variation with corresponding nominal forms. This paper offers a short overview of the classification of secondary predicates in Lithuanian and foreign linguistics. Most attention is given to participant-oriented secondary predicates, focusing on cases with morphosyntactic variation. The discussion is based on extensive typological linguistic research and universal grammatical hierarchies. A secondary predicate is a word syntactically dependent on the main verb (in cases of complementation it is also semantically dependent) and semantically related to its argument. It has been shown that in the Lithuanian language adverbs occur frequently as secondary predicates of first-order entities: either in free variation with nominal forms that agree with the noun phrase they predicate upon or in opposition. Participant-oriented adverbs occur typically near their potential agreement controller.