Elektroenergetikos ir centralizuoto šilumos tiekimo strategijos formavimo problemos Lietuvoje

LTEgzistuoja pamatiniai dokumentai, kuriais apibrėžiami Lietuvos Vyriausybės keliami tikslai ir uždaviniai energetikos klausimais, ruošiantis stoti į Europos Sąjungą (ES). Tai nėra vien tik teisiškas ES reikalavimų įforminimas. Įsigilinę į reikalavimų turinį, matome, jog neatidėliotinai būtinos rimtos energetikos reformos, kurių pagrindinis tikslas yra energetikos efektyvumo didinimas, sąlygojantis konkurencingumą atviroje ES rinkoje. Tokios reformos intensyviai vykdomos. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiamas vienas iš didžiulio vykdomo darbo šioje srityje aspektų, būtent, elektroenergetikos ir centralizuoto šilumos tiekimo sąsajų interpretavimas strateginio valdymo požiūriu. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Energetika; Šilumos ūkis; Šilumos tiekimo strategija; Energy sector; Heating system; Startegy of heating system.

ENDouble point of view is possible in considering preparation for EU accession in energy sector. We can formally change legislation, however we may rearrange them flexibly, as legislation for reorganisation of energy sector, i.e., to reach the main thing without contradicting general energy policy of EU. Thus the most important tasks to be solved for EU accession are as follows: adequacy of prices for energy resources to costs, which is inevitable for implementation of prices transparency requirements; state support, including various subsidies, will have to be reduced to minimal; taxes policy will have to harmonised with EU requirements, and this means that after making taxes equal, they will increase together with prices (e.g. excise payment for petrol, diesel fuel, etc.). Energoeconomic characteristics and technical standards of EU countries are not aim in itself. However they show how much energy situation in above countries is more superior from competitiveness point of view. Country, seeking EU membership, must rearrange it's national laws, regulations and procedures to ensure harmonisation with primary and secondary legislation. Analysis has shown that energy conservation process may have whole sided positive impact for preparation in all stages of membership itself. Analysis has shown evident directions, towards which state policy should be directed to reduce disproportions between energy sector and economics. In this case mastering of energy conservation potential may be reached by principal rules: reduction of energy conversion and transmission losses, redistribution of energy supply and consumption markets, reduction of final energy consumption, expanding production of domestic energy resources and renewables.These huge energy transformation and transmission losses, much higher than in other countries, are mainly in power and district heating sectors. This conclusion could be made after having assessed the potential for increasing energy efficiency in National Energy Efficiency Programme. The cause is that district heating system of extremely huge scale was formed with potential efficiency based on the principle of cogeneration of heat and power. However implementation of cogeneration principle in Lithuania was restricted with several big CHP plants, which after introduction of nuclear power plant work as boiler-houses most of time. And the worst is that their so called "cost inefficiency", defined by the need to use energy from nuclear power plant, block the very idea of cogeneration, especially the possibilities of small cogeneration market, which is now widely spread in the West.From the point of view of energy efficiency, energy development directions could be as follows. Concentrated power and heat production, i.e. big power plants and boiler-houses, though not numerous, this direction is dominate in Lithuania. Analysis of power and heat costs in the network permit us to make single meaning conclusion; present direction of power and district heating sectors cross the need to develop power sector development, which makes electricity a competitive commodity, make conditions for competition of producers, regional cooperation and international integration. Concentrated power production direction defines extremely huge losses in power networks and huge costs differentiation in separate regions with not uniform power and heat consumption density. That's why produced energy, power and heat at the consumer is twice more expensive. Disseminated power generation direction. Power production is distributed among big number of small capacity power plants. This corresponds modern energy development tendencies abroad and makes assumptions for competition, increase reliability of energy supply. This direction also permits to solve the efficiency problem in district heating. The role of mini CHP plants will increase, as it is one of the most significant technical possibilities for reduction of heat price. However categorical solutions and recommendations can't be given as true market for dissipated cogeneration is not known. For this purpose more detailed investigations are needed, which are possible during formation of towns energy programmes. The newest obligations concerning closure of the 1st block of Ignalina NPP are restructuring, which is at present developed rather intensively in energy sector, will inevitably have huge impact for energy conservation process, though it needs legal and organizational assumptions. [From the publication]