Ideologinių takoskyrų raiška parlamentinių Lietuvos partijų Seimo rinkimų programose 1992-2004 metais

LTStraipsnio tema yra viena iš klasikinių politologinių temų. Politinių partijų analizei Lietuvos politologinėje literatūroje yra skirta nemažai tekstų, tačiau politinių partijų analizė yra visada aktuali. Straipsnyje pristatoma teorinė ideologinių takoskyrų samprata. Apibrėžiami šešių ideologinių takoskyrų pagrindiniai bruožai, kuriais remiantis analizuojamos parlamentinių Lietuvos partijų 1992-2004 m. Seimo rinkimų programų nuostatos, atitinkančios pasirinktus kriterijus. Straipsnyje nustatoma ideologinių takoskyrų raiška parlamentinių Lietuvos partijų 1992-2004 m. Seimo rinkimų programose.

ENThe goal of the article is to identify the salience of ideological cleavages in electoral platforms of Lithuanian parties in the general elections of 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004. That is, the aim is to evaluate the extent of expression of these cleavages. Only few parties, that is the so-called relevant parties are analysed. The theoretical framework for this analysis is the classification of dimensions of ideology provided by Arend Lijphart. The work of Giovanni Sartori and Ronald Inglehart is studied in the article as well. The main conclusion is that there is a possibility for six various cleavages - socio-economic, religiuos, cultural-ethnic, urban-rural, cleavage of foreign policy and postmaterialist-materialist cleavage. During the elections in 1992 the parties defended rightwing positions in most of the dimensions of socio-economic cleavage. There was no cleavage. During the elections in 1996 and in 2000 the cleavage deepened because the parties began to express their right-wing or left-wing inclinations more clearly. On the other hand, during the elections of 2004 the cleavage remained but the ideological rigidity changed for the worse: some right-wing parties, namely the coalition of Rolandas Paksas, adopted left-wing attitude. Religious cleavage was salient during the elections in 1992 and in 1996 because the Christian Democrats succeeded to win the seats following clerical strategy. Their opponents were the Social-Democrats which defended secular positions. However, the elections of the year 2000 and the year 2004 proved the decline of the longstanding cleavage.Two aspects could be analyzed with respect to the cultural- ethnic cleavage: dominant culture vs. minority culture and nationalism vs. cosmopolitanism. Lithuanian parties always agitated for preservation of the culture of national minorities. Nevertheless some manifestoes evoked the nationalist movements as well: the Christian Democrats in 1992 and 1996, Sajudis coalition in 1992, the Homeland Union in 2004 and the Peasants'and New Democracy Party in 2004 may be mentioned with reference to this fact. Positions of the relevant parties on the urban-rural level were quite similar: their main goal was defense of the rural social infrastructure. But during the elections of 2000 the Homeland Union (The Lithuanian Conservatives) and the Liberal Union tried to negate the status of the countryside as the exceptional sector of economy. During the elections of 2004 such a radical claim was abandoned by the parties. The analysis of the cleavage of foreign policy proved that there was consensus among the parties regarding the euroatlantic integration. However, there was one aspect on which the parties disagreed - it was relations with Russia. Homeland Union was the most skeptical as far as t he relations with this Lithuanian neighbor are concerned. The salience of the postmaterialist-materialist cleavage fluctuated over time. The cleavage had been quite non-existent during the elections in 1992 but it deepened during the elections in 1996. The elections of 2000 witnessed the decline of the cleavage, it re-emerged, however, in 2004.