Juozas ar Juzefas Pilsudskis : lietuvių tautinio identiteto problema tarpukariu

LTJuozo Pilsudskio genealoginiame medyje trys giminės - Bilevičiai, Pilsudskiai, Butleriai. Petras Povilas Pilsudskis, Teodora Uršulė Butletytė, Antanas Bilevičius buvo tikri žemaičiai. Močiutė Elena Michalovska turėjo ir lenkiško, ir lietuviško kraujo. Pilsudskio giminės istorija - tipiška LDK bajorų, kurie XVII a. visiškai polonizavosi, nemokėjo kalbėti lietuviškai ir neįsivaizdavo Lietuvos be sąjungos su Lenkija, istorija. Kita vertus, jie nebuvo tikri lenkai ir laikytini gente lituanus natione polonus (lietuvių kilmės lenkų tautybės). Tokia tautinė identifikacija būdinga tiek XIX a., tiek XX a. pirmajai pusei. Maršalą galima vadinti ir Juzefu, ir Juozu. Pilsudskis buvo Abiejų Tautų Respublikos atkūrimo iniciatorius ir kalbėjo lietuviškai. Jis iki pat savo mirties buvo įsitikinęs, kad pergalingas 1920 m. karas su bolševikais nebuvo pratęstas iki logiškos pabaigos - Lenkijos-Lietuvos-Baltarusijos ir Ukrainos federacijos buvusios Abiejų Tautų Respublikos žemėse sukūrimo. Savo LDK Pilietybę maršalas deklaravo 1919 m. balandžio 22 d. kreipimesi "Į buvusios Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės gyventojus" Vilniuje. Vidurinės Lietuvos sukūrimas po 1920 m. Lucijano Želigovskio okupacinio žygio tebuvo pirmas žingsnis į LDK federacinės sąjungos su Lenkija atkūrimą. [...] Matyt, dėl to viešojoje erdvėje ėmė sklisti klaidinga informacija apie Pirmosios Lietuvos Respublikos tautinę gyventojų sudėtį. [...] Lietuvos valdžios institucijos lenkų tautybės gyventojų skaičių nežymiai mažino, Lenkijos - nepagrįstai didino. Iki 1926 m. Lietuvos Respublikoje gyveno apie 100 tūkstančių lenkų. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Juzefas Klemensas Pilsudskis; Tadeušas Katelbachas; Gabrielius Narutavičius; Stanislovas Narutavičius; Bilevičiai; Butleriai; Mykolas Romeris; Viktoras Kalicinskis; Juzefas Laskovskis; Tautinė savimonė; Lietuvių-lenkų santykiai; J. Pilsudskis; National identity; Lithuanian-Polish relations; J. Pilsudski.

ENIn the genealogical tree of Józef Pilsudski, the families of Bilevicz (Bilevičiai), Pilsudski (Pilsudskiai) and Butler (Butleriai) are closely interrelated. All four grandfathers of the famous Polish marshal were related among themselves. Petras Povilas Pilsudskis, Teodora Uršulė Butlerytė and Antanas Bilevičius were real Samogitians. Only one grandmother, Elena Michalowska, had both Polish and Lithuanian blood. The history of the Pilsudski family is a typical story of Lithuanian Grand Duchy aristocrats who were finally Polonised by the 18th century, could not speak Lithuanian and could not imagine Lithuania without its union with Poland. On the other hand, they were not real ethnic Poles and therefore could be considered "gente lituanus natione polonus" (Lithuanian origin, Polish nationality). Such ethnic self-identification was common both in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. Therefore the Marshal could be called both Jozef and Juozas. J. Pilsudski was the initiator of restoring the Two Nation Republic (Rzeczpospolita) and spoke Lithuanian. Until his death he was convinced that the victorious war against the Bolsheviks was not completed to its logical end, i.e. the creation of Lithuanian, Polish, Belorussian and Ukrainian federation in the lands of former Rzeczpospolita.The Marshal declared his citizenship of Grand Duchy of Lithuania during his address "to the former residents of Lithuanian Grand Duchy" delivered in Vilnius on April 22, 1919. The creation of Middle Lithuania after Lueian Zeligowski's occupation of Vilnius in 1920 was merely the first step towards re-creating Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the federal Union with Poland. According to Pilsudski, to the West of Vilnius region there should have been the territory of Samogitia and to the East - Belorussia and even Ukraine as the constituent parts of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Middle Lithuania should have also included the areas not occupied by Poland up to the Nevėžis River. Maybe due to this reason incorrect information started to spread in the public domain about the ethnic composition of the First Republic of Lithuania. The ethnic affiliation of Lithuanian residents could become a strong argument for the international institutions in solving the territorial conflict between Kaunas and Warsaw. The results of elections to the Seimas raise doubts about the officially published data concerning t n e ethnicity of Lithuanian citizens. Both Kaunas and Warsaw operated with different figures concerning the number of ethnic Poles living in Lithuania. This was apparently influence by political motives. If the Lithuanian government institutions slightly diminished this figure, then their Polish counterparts tended to arbitrarily increase it. By the year 1926, around 100 thousands ethnic Poles could have resided in the Republic of Lithuania. [From the publication]