Juozo Čiuldos gramatikos terminai ir kalba

LTŠiuo straipsniu siekiama analizuoti Juozo Čiuldos „Trumpų samprotavimų“ lenkiškus gramatikos terminus, ypatingesnius lenkų kalbos rašybos, kaitybos, sintaksės ir leksikos bruožus. J. Čiuldos gramatika parašyta gyva, taisyklinga XIX a. lenkų kalba, bet, žinoma, ji gerokai skyrėsi nuo šiuolaikinės [p. 56].

ENIn this paper, the grammatical terminology and Polish features of the Samogitian grammar by Juozas Čiulda, dating from 1855, have been analysed. In his description, the author takes the grammars of the Polish language as a model, making use also of the greater part of Polish grammatical terminology. His approach is quite critical. He applies the terminology established in Polish which is still in existence at present, this bearing witness to his fine intuition and his ability of choosing the most appropriate terminology. The new terms introduced by Čiulda (spółgłoska cicha, głośna, samogłoska ustna, przymiotniki wyłączne, słowa naturalne, wyręczające, małodzielne, imiesłowy jednoczesne || współczesne, wymagające || konieczne and names of complex tenses) are appropriate, more exact than the existing ones, and fill terminological gaps. In the main, the language of "Krótkie pomysły...” is quite in accordance with the 19th-century linguistic norms. It is also characterized by some features typical of the Polish language used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which is connected with the author’s origin. In the field of phonetics these are: the merger of the vowels о and ó and the soft consonants ś, i, ć, dź, ń instead of hard s, z, c, dz, n, in inflexion - the specific conjugation of the verb kładnąć and the deviant distribution of reflexive verbs. In syntax, regional features do not occur. Most of the regional features occur in the lexicon. These are both native terms with a limited scope (kopanica, kukawka, wprowadźmy) and loanwords from Lithuanian (przyświrnie, świronek) and Eastern Slavonic (adryna, zarobotek).