Kelios pastabos apie enantiosemiją

LTKalbos priešybes analizuojant pragmatiniu požiūriu į akis krinta labai senas kalbos reiškinys — enantiosemija, kai tas pats žodis turi dvi prieįingas reikšmes (taip išryškėja žodžio reikšmių poliarizacija). Enantiosemija (vok. Enantiosemie, angl. Enantiosemy), kurios pavadinimas kilęs iš gr. enantios — ‘priešais esantis, priešingas’ + sema - ‘ženklas’, išryškėja tam tikrame kontekste, kadangi be jo šio kalbos reiškinio negalima pakankamai suprasti tiek struktūros, tiek semantikos požiūriu. Enantiosemija kalbotyros ir apibūdinama kaip žodžio ar morfemos ypatybė turėti priešingas reikšmes (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 57). [Iš teksto, p. 53].

ENEnantiosemy is a very old linguistic phenomenon dating back to Ancient Egypt times. It is defined in linguistics as a property of a word or a morpheme to have opposite meanings. Polarization of meanings is especially evident in verbs denoting fluctuations of temperature (e.g. degti, kepti, svilti and others). This kind of inner opposition is characteristic of some nouns, adjectives and even adverbs. The main cause of enantiosemy is the nondifferentiated meanings of the words with common roots. Both polisemy (cf. brėkšti-“aušti, švisti” and “temti”) and homonymy (cf. banda — “cattle “and “a loaf of bread”). The above homonyms have a common meaning “property, ownership”. Jonas Jablonskis was the first Lithuanian linguist to investigate enantiosemy (Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, 1922). Interesting reasoning on the enantiosemic word svečias has been offered by the Lithuanian philosopher A. Maceina. Having the meaning of a person who has been invited to visit, the noun at the same time characterizes this person as somebody who has come from elsewhere, is a stranger. Entiosemy usually becomes evident in coherent texts only. Polarization of the meanings manifests itself in the intonation and stylistic means. Sometimes, entiosemy is expanded to an anti-phrase, i. e. a certain saying whose literal meaning is changed to the opposite meaning by means of irony or sarcasm. The phenomenon of enantiosemy is not going to disappear, it is just acquiring new forms of expression in the language.