Vakarų Lietuvos juostos: reiškinio regioninis savitumas

LTŠiame straipsnyje kultūrų sąveika Vakarų Lietuvoje nagrinėjama per juostas, kaip daugialypį XIX a. - XX a. pirmosios pusės kultūros reiškinį (t. y. jų pavidalą, ornamentą, papročius, pavadinimus ir kt.). Tiriama jo paplitimo, etninių įtakų ir kultūrinių ryšių arealinės raiškos bei regioninio savitumo problema. Lietuvininkų juostos ištyrinėtos nepakankamai: mažai rašyta apie jų ornamento ypatybes ir panaudojimą papročiuose. Lietuvos kuršininkų juostos anksčiau visai nebuvo tyrinėtos. Mūsų užduotis - etnografiniu, dailėtyriniu bei lingvistiniu aspektu, taikant istorinį ir lyginamąjį tyrimo metodus bei matematinę analizę, aptarti tarmiškus juostų bei su jomis susijusių artifaktų pavadinimus, juostų funkcijas buityje ir papročiuose, pateikti juostų klasifikaciją pagal formą ir ornamentą. Siekiant atskleisti ornamento lokalinius ir regioninius savitumus, tipologizuoti jį įvairiais aspektais, palyginti su gretimų kraštų to paties laikotarpio bei viduramžių juostų raštais. Tiriamasis darbas atliktas remiantis autoriaus surinktais lauko tyrimų duomenimis (iš Palangos m., Kretingos, Liepojos (Latvija), Klaipėdos, Šakių, Marijampolės rajonų), muziejine medžiaga, taip pat anksčiau publikuotais kitų tyrinėtojų darbais. Juostos tyrinėtos: Lietuvos dailės, Lietuvos nacionaliniame, Nacionaliniame M. K. Čiurlionio dailės, Šiaulių „Aušros“, Mažosios Lietuvos, Šilutės kraštotyros, Kretingos kraštotyros muziejuose; taip pat laikomos privačiai. [p. 325].

ENThe band ornament of the first half of 19th - the 20th co. could provide as much information as a historical record if you only made it speak. The cultural interaction of Lithuanians and Curonians with their neighbours (Suvalkiečiai, Žemaičiai, Latvians, Swedes) is revealed in the present article through different aspects of bands as a cultural phenomenon (band customs, shape, ornaments, names, etc.). The article contains information about the spreading of bands and peculiarities of influences in West Lithuania. Bands are investigated from the point of view of ethnography, sciences of art and linguistics, using the historical and comparative methods and mathematical analysis. The sashes and their ornaments are classified using the author’s methodics. The sashes of the region under consideration stand out not only for their hundred-patterned style, but also for a close relationship with their forerunners - tablet woven in pick-up weaving manner sashes of the 9th-13th centuries. Specific sash customs (decoration of bridles, ritual of tying around gloves and other gifts) were characteristic of West Lithuania (decoration of riding horses also known in Žemaitija, Šilalė district, at the beginning of the 2nd millenium). They coincide with the „brizgilas,, (bridle) area, the word of the Prussian origin (East Prussia, Suvalkija, Žemaitija). The same peculiar archaic styles of the ornament, continuous ornaments, inclination to drawn-in ornaments on the smooth background of the bands are common to both West Baltic and Swedish sashes.The Lithuanian sashes are most intricately patterned, variable and numerous in the studied region. Some of them are wide, others are narrow (rištuvai, pakelės). The combination principles of the ornaments of wide sashes are similar to those observed in Suvalkiečiai sashes: 1 or 3 different registers of the ornament are arranged along the sash (scheme ABA). The register placed in the middle is usually wider and has a different colour. Predilection to black ornaments on a white background is common for Lithuanian and Suvalkiečiai sashes. Narrow sashes were common both for the Lithuanians and Curonians. According to the ornament they may be divided into two groups. The composition of ornaments in the first group of sashes is rather simple - the pattern motifs are few (1 to 4) and compose only one rapport. Such type of ornaments was popular in sashes all over Lithuania as well as in other countries. The other group of sashes had a multipatterned ornament. Such ornaments are of two types: 1) when over 30 symbols (signs) are used, 2) when symbols are replaced by characters - woven Latin letters which compose the words. These words in most cases are quotations of songs or wishes. Such bands were popular only among the Lithuanians of East Prussia and sometimes are observed in the neighbouring countries outside Lithuania Minor.The multipatterned ornaments in their turn may be divided into several subtypes: 1) multitude of rapports when the symbols occur irregularly without any fixed order; 2) one rapport when the symbols are arranged in the same sequence. Such a great number of symbols as in the Lithuanian hundred-patterned sashes are not observed in other Lithuanian lands. Even in the Curonian multipatterned „prievytai", the number of symbols is by far less. The ornaments of Lithuanian sashes stand out for greater predilection to symbols of serpent, heart and swastika. The heart motif is also frequent in Swedish sashes. Patterns of lilies and anthropomorphic symbols were also used by the Swedes. The simplest symbols and their interpretation styles are common for the narrow sashes of Lithuanians and Curonians, whereas the most characteristic patterns of this region such as hearts, herringbone brackets and double symbols in particular, are also observed in sashes of the nearest neighbours - Žemaičiai and Suvalkiečiai.