1385 m. rugpjūčio 14 d. aktas Lietuvos-Lenkijos unijų istorijoje ir istoriografijoje (problemos formulavimas)

LTŠį tekstą rengti paskatino Lietuvos istorijos instituto planuojamos publikacijos „Lietuvos valstybės sutartys. XIV-XVIII a.” parengiamieji darbai. Norėtųsi, kad skaitytojai nepamirštų žodžio parengiamieji. Straipsnio tikslas - suformuluoti problemą. Jame dėstomi samprotavimai nėra tyrinėjimų apibendrinimai ar išvados. Priešingai, norima dar kartą atkreipti Lietuvos-Lenkijos unijų istorijos tyrinėtojų dėmesį į 1385 m. rugpjūčio 14 d. Krėvos dokumentą, išprovokuoti naujus ieškojimus, galbūt net ir diskusiją dėl iki galo neišaiškintų šio akto ypatybių bei kilmės aplinkybių. Ilgą, sudėtingą Lietuvos-Lenkijos valstybinių sutarčių istoriją atveriąs 1385 m. rugpjūčio 14 d. Krėvos aktas Michało Wiszniewskie buvo rastas Krokuvos kapitulos archyve ir pirmą kartą paskelbtas tarp kitų Lenkijos istorijos bei literatūros paminklų tik 1837 m. Dar vėliau, tik XX a. I pusėje, kada Lenkijos istorikai, pasirėmę šiuo dokumentu, suformulavo vad. Krėvos unijos koncepciją, teigiančią, kad jau XIV a. pabaigoje Lietuvos valstybė unija buvo sujungta, sulieta su Lenkijos Karalyste, prasidėjo tikrasis šio akto „gyvenimas” istoriografijoje ir jo „politinė karjera”. Per keliasdešimt metų Lenkijoje jo tekstas buvo ne kartą paskelbtas, susikaupė didžiulė literatūra, skirta Krėvos ak tui, išsiplėtojo diskusija tiek dėl paties dokumento, tiek ir dėl jo interpretacijos [p. 247].

ENThe Krėva Act of August 14, 1385, starting a long and complicated history of state treaties between Lithuania and Poland, was discovered in the Capitula Archive of Krakow and published for the first time only in 1837. Polish historians, the first publishers and researchers of the text soon noticed certain peculiarities of the document. Lithuanian historiography did not inherit any traditions of the investigation of the Act, and discussion with Polish historiography centred mainly on the contents of the document and its impact on the further development of the relations between Lithuania and Poland. The problem was created by the very fact that the Krėva Act had remained unknown in the archive for 452 years and that no mention of it was made in contemporary or later documents. The meeting of the Lithuanian, Polish and Hungarian envoys in Krėva in August, 1385 was not recorded in any annals or chronicles of Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, Austria, Russia or in the sources of the Teutonic Order, the Pope or of any other concerned country. Neither was mentioned the Act, issued by Jogaila and four Lithuanian dukes of the then ruling Gediminid dynasty, containing among other items the promise of Jogaila to unite Lithuania with Poland in case of his election king of Poland. No one of the subsequent Polish-Lithuanian treaties of the 15th and 16th centuries or any other accompanying documents referred to the Act. The Krėva document of 1386 was not known in any way in the historical tradition, and the history of the union of the two states began with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila’s ascending the throne of Poland and the Horodlė agreements of 1413 between the rulers and nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Neither Polish nor Lithuanian representatives resorted to the Act in their political discussions.Polish historians drew attention to the fact that Janusz Długosz, writing the History of Poland in the second half of the 15th century, made no mention of the Krėva meeting and the Act of 1385. It is an enigma for the historians why Długosz, basing his study on the documents of the Capitula Archive of Krakow, which was believed to have contained the Krėva Act, described the events of 1385 differently than the Act. The investigators also noticed a peculiar structure of the Act and some other anachronisms, which are difficult to account for in terms of mediaeval diplomacy. The authenticity of the Act was unquestioned for over a hundred years. The researchers relentlessly scoured the documents for arguments to remove the doubts and skepticism related to the Act and its history. [...] The aim of this paper is to outline and propound a problem, once again to attract the attention of the scholars - specialists of the history of the Lithuanian-Polish union to the Krėva document of 1385, to provoke new investigations and maybe a discussion about the peculiarities and origin of the document. The reasoning, presented here, is not a result of any research. This paper is merely an attempt to propose a hypothesis without any strong bias against or towards the authenticity of the Act with the purpose of establishing the authorship and the aims of the document, prepared between 1386 and 1445. Taking into account the complicated relations between Lithuania and Poland and the interests of Jogaila and the Gediminid dynasty in regard to the throne of Poland in that period it is assumed that the forged act of Krėva could have been produced on the initiative of Jogaila.His sons were born in the 1420s, and the first Polish sovereign of a Lithuanian dynasty had to begin the struggle for his sons’ rights to the throne on the most favourable terms. It was well-known and universally accepted that the first Polish kings of the Gediminid-Jogaila dynasty highly valued their patrimony - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - as a guarantee of securing the Polish throne for themselves and as a substantial advantage in the struggle against their main political rival - the Polish elite, who intended to impose their will upon the Lithuanian dynasty and in particular on its first representative - Jogaila. And namely at that time a plan might have been broached. During his forty-year rule in Poland Jogaila no doubt had acquired sympathizers and supporters, some of them could have taken an part in his matchmaking and other actions in Poland and Hungary. Afterwards with Jogaila’s mediation they could receive significant posts and make brilliant careers. These people could easily do their sovereign a favour - to prepare an ‘extra’ document and place it not in the newly organized royal archive, but among the masses of documents of the old Capitula archive of Krakow. However, the situation was favourable for Jogaila, the forged document became redundant, it was not used and resp. did not find its way into other documents.

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