Pati kalta? Smurto prieš moteris istorija XX a. Lietuvoje

• Černevičiūtė, Sigita
• Kareniauskaitė, Monika

LTMonografijoje analizuojama smurto prieš moteris formų ir socialinių praktikų visuma XX a. Lietuvoje, siekiama paaiškinti šio fenomeno priežastis, veiksnius ir kilmę. Ikimodernioje visuomenėje moteris buvo ekonomiškai, teisiškai ir tradiciškai priklausoma nuo vyro, o smurtas prieš moterį – dažnas patriarchalinės visuomenės reiškinys. Tarpukario Lietuvoje smurto prieš moteris samprata mažai tepasikeitė. Nedarnioje šeimoje smurtas laikytas privačiu šeimos reikalu. Moterys retai kreipdavosi į teisėsaugą dėl patirtų sužalojimų, o išdrįsusios skųstis policijai smurto aukos teismo dažnai nesulaukdavo ir dar iki jo atleisdavo smurtautojui. Seksualinio smurto atveju, įstatymuose neakcentuotas moters sutikimas lytiniams santykiams sudarė sąlygas teisines normas interpretuoti gana plačiai ir išžaginimo bylose reikalauti įrodymų, kad aukų garsiai ir aiškiai priešinosi užpuolikui. Atsakomybės už nusikaltimą perkėlimas aukai ją (ne)tiesiogiai kaltino dėl patirto smurto. Smurtas prieš moteris gausiai pasireiškė ir sovietinės bei nacistinės okupacijos metais, o Holokausto metu masiniai nusikaltimai prieš žydes moteris, merginas ir mergaites turėjo aiškų genocidinį pobūdį. Sovietinė smurto prieš moteris realybė atspindėjo gilią prarają tarp ideologijos konstruojamos teorinės lyčių lygybės ir tikro moters gyvenimo. Kaip ir tarpukariu, nenyko suvokimas, jog patirti smurtą artimoje aplinkoje yra moters, šeimos gėda ir negarbė. Be to, nebuvo ir įstatymų ar praktikų, galėjusių atriboti smurtautoją nuo aukos. Baudžiamojo persekiojimo sistema sovietmečiu buvo linkusi neregistruoti smurto prieš moteris nusikaltimų ir nekelti su juo susijusių bylų, nebent atvejis būdavo lengvai ištiriamas ar pasibaigdavo itin rimtomis pasekmėmis, pavyzdžiui, aukos mirtimi. [Leidėjo anotacija]

ENThe idea of the monograph is to analyze the phenomenon of violence against women in 20th Century Lithuania. The book seeks to answer if the problem of violence against women in today's Lithuania has any historical or social-structural roots in Lithuania's past. Various scholars from the areas of social sciences and humanities today are still discussing to what extent the phenomenon of violence against women in Lithuania is related to the current social, economic and political situation and to what extent this problem was historically "inherited". The object of the monograph research is the violence against women in the 20th century in the territory of Lithuania. The research aims to analyze the different forms and social practices of violence against women and explain the phenomenon's causes, factors, and origin. The question is raised about how the content of the concept of violence against women was formed in the different discourses that functioned in society in various stages of historical development and in the context of the most important historical events of the 20th Century. The book considers the tendencies of violence against women in pre-modern Lithuania. It digs deep into analyzing the legal definitions of violent crimes against women. It evaluates domestic violence's most common forms and content in the Independent Interwar, Soviet, and Nazi-occupied Lithuania. The events of the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the post-war are also an essential part of the analysis.The authors search for the main factors, circumstances, and causes of domestic and sexual violence. They also examine the forms of domestic and sexual abuse and their definitions that functioned in the public, society, and law. The work also takes effort to reveal the changes in the situation of Lithuanian women that have taken place due to the cultural, social, and legal transformations brought by the Interwar modernization, the state of the martial law, and the Soviet-era industrialization. The monograph highlights how these changes interacted with the problem of violence against women. Finally, the book reconstructs the concept of sexual violence against women and domestic violence in the Interwar, World War II, and Soviet-era in public, criminological and legal discourses and reveals the most common model and mechanisms of social reactions to the violence against women and the victims within the society. The chronological beginning of the research is the Lithuanian state in 1918. The prehistory of the violence against women phenomenon before the Lithuanian independence of 1918 was also relevant to this book. The end date of the analysis is 1990. The research conclusions demonstrated, that in pre-modern Lithuanian society, women were economically, legally, and traditionally dependent on men, and violence against women was common at home (where wives and mothers were often beaten or killed) and outside the home, where women became victims of sexual crime at work. At the beginning of the 20th century, the spread of feminist ideas in Lithuania began to call into the question the patriarchal division of public and private space between men and women, raised questions about the wrongful accusation of the victim of violence, and identified alcohol abuse as the cause of violence.However, in Interwar Lithuania, the concept of violence against women has changed little since the beginning of the 20th century. Physical violence in the family was a common occurrence in women's lives, as well as sexual violence, mainly outside the house. Both, domestic and sexual violence against women, was underrated in the hierarchy of the social problems and the victims received little legal, social, and state support - even in the most extreme cases of sexual violence, rapes were not thoroughly prosecuted by the law enforcement agents. Although violence against women was associated with alcohol abuse in the public discourse of the interwar Lithuanian women's movement, it was not identified as a separate social problem. However, during the anti-alcohol campaign, efforts were made to combat violence against women. During the first Soviet occupation, women faced violence perpetrated by Soviet soldiers. Gender-based violence has also manifested itself during the Soviet repressions: in the prisons, during the interrogations and arrests, in the Soviet forced labor camps (Gulags), and the places of deportations. During the Holocaust, violence against Jewish women and girls was extremely severe and can be treated as an integral part of the genocide against the Jewish Lithuanian citizens. Native Lithuanians were among the perpetrators. So, the violence against women is a traumatic experience for women that lived in Lithuania during the war and occupations. This trauma has been suppressed for many years and has not entered the Lithuanian memory culture. The Soviet attitude towards violence against women, its theoretical understanding, and empirical experience was inseparable from the general development trends of the Soviet state and ideology. [...]. [From the publication]