Tomo Makovskio graviūros. Autorinė invencija ir emblemiškumas

ENThis article is dedicated to the works of the Lithuanian engraver of the early 17th century Tomas Makovskis. In it there are analysed his engravings for the book "Hippica" (Krakow, 1603) by K. Dorohbstaiskis and for the book "Divi Tutelaris (...)" (Vilnius, 1610) by J.Bildžiukevi- čius. The illustrations for "Hippica" are connected with the problem of invention. In Lithuania, contrary to the Western Europe, exact copies of famous masters were not popular in the 16th-17th centuries. Local artists followed examples but used them as iconographic prototypes as well as a source of plastics. The engravings for "Hippica" are a perfect example of such immitation. Here we can notice similarity with the engravings by Hendrie Goltzius which, in their turn, are copies of the drawings by Jan van Streat. In T. Makovskis' works the "quotations" of H. Goltzius' engravings have some traits of the local style. The author of the original picture isn't mentioned, and the motives are freely interpreted. Such imitation does not correspond to the West-European art concept of invention. However, European manierysm style in the T. Makovskis' works occurred only in this way. The emblematical aspect of engravings for the book by J. Bildžiuke- vičius is analysed as well. These pictures distinguish themselves in a frequent use of symbolic and allegoric forms and elaborate frames, which remind of decorative forms adored by Dutch mannerists. The originality of these engravings lies in subordination of image to a verbal idea and in aspiration to render them in a "modern" way of elaboration. These traits are common to other works by T. Makovskis, in which the emblematical principles are used.