LTViena svarbiausių ir daug ginčų sukėlusių indologijos ir apskritai lyginamosios filosofijos temų – filosofijos ir religijos santykis indiškojo mąstymo kontekste bei visoje Indijos civilizacijoje. Šios, sakytume, kultūrologinės problemos ištakos glūdi jau pačių religijos ir filosofijos sąvokų apibrėžimuose. Ne taip kaip europietiškoje tradicijoje, Indijoje filosofija niekad neturėjo sekuliarios ar vien teorinės disciplinos statuso. Hinduizmo, budizmo, džainizmo ir kitų mokyklų gvildenamos filosofinės problemos buvo ir yra glaudžiai susijusios su religiniais, soteriologiniais tikslais. Vakaruose sąvokos „religija“ ir „filosofija“ buvo griežtai atskirtos, o Rytuose jas skirianti riba dažnai vos įžvelgiama. Struktūriniai religijų tyrinėjimai atskleidžia, jog religijos terminas ir religingumo apibrėžtys susiklostė pagal judaizmo, krikščionybės ir islamo monoteistinių centralizuotų religijų modelius, sukonceptualintus Apšvietos epochoje, tad jos savaime netiesiogiai prisidėjo prie europocentristinių paradigmų ekspansijos ir kultūrologinių projekcijų. [Iš Įvado]
ENAttention is drawn to the fact that Western studies of traditional Indian culture usually make a sharp distinction between religion and philosophy as it is evident in the Western world. The main problem of such a separation lies in the definition of the term "religion" itself, which was shaped according to the models of the great monotheistic religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The source of the second problem is the Western conception of the true, purely theoretical philosophy, which has been influenced by the naturalistic and rational way of thinking of ancient Greece. Later on, Cartesianism led to the modern demarcations against Oriental thought in the West. As a result of this orientation, every type of traditionalism came to be viewed as unphilosophical or even anti-philosophical. Taking into account the achievement of contemporary comparative methodology, the necessity is raised in the article to employ in studies of the traditional culture of India a multidisciplinary and integral approach.The principal methodological approach of the author is grounded on the conviction that instead of interpreting the ways of thinking of other civilisations by converting them to the particular mode of Western philosophical discourse and by using the net of its philosophical concepts, it is more sensible for such a hermeneutic point of understanding to look at the whole framework of those systems and to utilise actively the material of self-interpretation and self-description used in those systems.Indian religious-philosophical schools (darśanas) should be analysed as polymorphic structures, In which three levels can be distinguished: the religious doctrines and principles, based on the texts of Revelation (śruti); the various spiritual practices (sādhana) actually transforming the consciousness of the aspirants; the philosophical-logical discourse (tarka) uniting religious doctrine with the personal spiritual experience.These three levels are closely interconnected, function reciprocally and are inseparable. Clear evidence of the soteriological orientation of Indian intellectual culture makes it impossible to separate religion from philosophy. Such a polymorphic structure of analysis could help us to understand better the relation between religion, philosophy and spiritual practice not only in Indian intellectual culture, but in the other traditions of regions of the East as well.