Žvejo sodyba - ūkis: struktūra ir raida

LTStraipsnyje analizuojama Kuršių nerijos gyvenviečių žvejo sodybos, kaip ūkio, raida ir transformacijos. Glaustai pristatoma žvejybos ir kitų verslų įtaka Kuršių marių pakrančių gyventojų sodybų struktūrai. Istorinių šaltinių teikiama informacija atskleidžia, kad Kuršių marių žvejai, be žvejybos, buvo priversti užsiimti ir kitais verslais. Tą vertė daryti sudėtingos regiono gamtinės sąlygos. Kiti žvejų verslai paprastai daugiausia buvo susiję su žvejyba, žvejybos priemonių gamyba - tinklų mezgimu, valčių statyba. Tuo tarpu žemės ūkis, toks, kokiu vertėsi žemyninės Mažosios Lietuvos gyventojai, Kuršių nerijoje buvo pagalbinis. Kuršių nerijos kaimų virtimas kurortinėmis gyvenvietėmis buvo reikšmingas lūžis, ne tik sąlygojęs gyventojų perėjimą nuo tradicinės žvejybos prie naujos - kurortinės veiklos, bet ir nulėmęs žvejo sodybos struktūros ir atskirų pastatų paskirties, bei iš dalies - ir architektūrinės išraiškos pokytį.

ENThe article analyzes the development and transformation of the farmhouse of the Curonian Spit settlements from the point of view of a farmer. Briefly, fishing and other businesses influenced the structure of the homesteads of the coastal inhabitants of the Curonian Lagoon. The information provided by the historical sources reveals that the fishermen of the Curonian Lagoon were forced to engage in other businesses besides fishing. This is a natural value for a complex region. Other activities were mainly related to fishing, for example fishing gear, net knitting, and boat construction. Meanwhile, agriculture served a supporting role for the inhabitants of the mainland of Lithuania Minor along the Curonian Spit. The conversion of Kuršių Nerija villages into resort settlements was a significant breakthrough, not only in forming a transition from traditional fishing to new resort activities, but also influencing the design of the fisherman's homestead, the change of the purpose of individual buildings, and partly the architectural expression. Investigation was based on the work of previous researchers and previously unpublished from the Institute of History of Lithuania in the 20th century. 6-7th centuries, including material from ethnographic expeditions. The analysis of the structure of fishermen's farms was based on research of ethnic architecture from the earliest times to 1918, as well as published memoirs. Farmsteads along the Curonian Spit remained unchanged for many centuries. The Oldest sites are scattered irregular structures in individual farmsteads and villages. Buildings are organized in a convenient method. Small farmsteads had 1-3 buildings, middle ones - 4-5 buildings, bigger ones - 6 or more buildings. The dwelling house with an open fireplace was a prototype of the later periods. The dwelling house with an earthen stove was a prototype form that evolved in the 16th-18th centuries.In the middle of the biggest room there was an open fireplace. Above it a wicker hood spattered with clay, which protected the roof from sparks and held more heat in the room. Fishing nets were also hung above the fireplace. Since the end of the 19th century the transformation of fishermen farmsteads has continued to evolve.