Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Livonijos piniginiai ryšiai XVI a. (iki 1581 m.)

LTTarp Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Livonijos politiniai ir prekybiniai ryšiai suaktyvėjo tik nuo XVI a. II pusės. Tačiau piniginiams ryšiams įtakos turėjo kitos priežastys. Jau XVI a. I pusėje tiek Livonijoje, tiek ir LDK cirkuliavo kaimyninės šalies monetos. Šių monetų cirkuliaciją lėmė ne prekybiniai ryšiai, o tam tikrų nominalų monetų trūkumai vietinėse apyvartose. Vėliau, sustiprėjus prekybiniams ryšiams, pinigų apyvarta buvo nulemta monetų verčių panašumų ir skirtumų.

ENIn the 16th–18th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Livonia were linked by close political and trade-economic relations. For some time, part of Livonia was included in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The port of Riga was the gateway to trade GDL with Western Europe. However, despite the close relationship, the circulation of coins becomes similar only from the 17th century. Monetary system of the Livonian Order and GDL were completely different. As a result, the coins of any country did not spread over the territory of another country. Still, there were exceptions. In the first half of the 16th century, pennies of GDL Alexander (1492–1506) and the half pennies of Sigismund II Augustus (1544–1572) spread in Livonia. These coins corresponded to local pfennig and were used to compensate for the lack of local coins. In the years 1530–1545, the shillings of the Livonian Order spread to the northern part of Lithuania. They were used here instead of the half-groats GDL. These coins were put into circulation due to a lack of coins when the Vilnius Mint was closed at that time. In the second half of the 16th century, the coins of the neighboring countries reappear in the territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Livonia. In Livonia, coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were half-groats and 3 groats. Their spread was influenced by the creation of military brigades of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but the most important was the similarity of these coins with local shillings and ferding, as well as a greater amount of silver in them. The circulation of coins GDL abundantly joined the 2 pennies of 1578–1579 Courland and Semigallia.The distribution of one and other coins was determined not by trade relations, but by political, individual decisions. During trade relations, shillings of Gotthard Kettler (1562–1587) Courland and Semigallia, as well as the Free City of Riga and the Estonian Principality shilling got into the GDL, but due to the low cost of these coins they did not spread to the GDL territory. Some of these coins, before 1580, could have been treated as fake. After the monetary system unified in 1580 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated Riga in 1581, the coins of this city gradually increased in circulation of coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.