Prūsai ir lietuviai
LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjami lietuvių ir prūsų kalbų leksikos santykiai. Pirmojoje dalyje analizuojama bendroji kai kurių sričių leksika: dievai, dangiškoji šeima (saulė, mėnuo, žvaigždės, dangus ir žemė), kai kurie augalai (žolė, medžių šeima), gyvūnai (gegutė, žvėrių šeima: tauras, vilkas, lapė, lokys, zuikis, žirgas, ožys). Lyginamos bendrabaltiškos formos, ieškoma indoeuropietiškųjų ištakų, pabrėžiami bendrabaltiškieji naujadarai. Lingvistinė analizė derinama su etnologine (remiamasi tautosakos ir etnografijos medžiaga), ieškant baltiškosios pasaulėjautos bendrumų. Antroji straipsnio dalis skirta lietuvių kalbos prūsizmų analizei. Aptariami prūsiškieji skoliniai, susiję su materialine ir dvasine kultūra.
ENThe long-extinct Old Prussian language has left traces of itself in language as well as history. The linguistic ties between Prussian and the related Lithuanian language are especially significant. Lithuanians and Old Prussians, and in many cases all Balts, has many words in common, a portion of them inherited from proto-Indo-European, while others are neologisms common to the Baltic languages. The first section of the article analyzes some of those commonalities, mainly in connection with the Baltic worldview. Certain aspects of the Baltic pantheon are discussed: the common Indo-European word for god Dievas; the god of thunder Perkūnas, common to all Balts, and others. The Balts worshipped heavenly bodies, and some of them comprised the celestial family: father moon, mother sun, brother Pleiades, sister star (these functions are clearly connected with gender category, which can differ in the different languages). Further, the sky and earth formed a pair. Words for naming tree and forest are discussed, and the family of trees (father oak, mother lime, apple and fir and others) is analyzed. Many of animals had mythical functions as well. The family of animals (father wolf, mother bear, sister fox, brother hare), the horse and the goat are analyzed. Further, the words for the various members of the family are compared in the Baltic languages, emphasizing the role of woman-mother (moteris-motina) in Baltic society.The second section of article discusses certain Old Prussian words loaned by the Lithuanian language, arriving either directly flrom or via the Old Prussian language. These loan-words can be associated with both spiritual and material culture. The Prussian language usually acts as mediator for vvords connected with material culture (certain names of fruit trees, foods and objects); however, words connected with spiritual culture can derive directly from the Prussian language itself. Certain words describing time (savaitė 'week', ušios 'six weeks after birth') analyzed in the article are considered to be among these types of loan words from Old Prussian. The Old Prussians, being of a high material and spiritual culture, represented as it were the religious center of all Balts. Therefore it is plausible that many Prussian words connected with certain abstract matters or with the old Baltic religion (vaidila 'priest', vaidilutė 'priestess', Romuva 'religious center of the Balts' stabas, 'idol, graven image') could have entered the other Baltic languages.
