Sociologinė monografija Lietuvoje: socialinio gyvenimo reikšmės
LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Sociologinės monografijos; Metodai; Tyrimai; Socialinis gyvenimas; Bendruomenės; Istorija; Sociological monographies; Methods; Researches; Social life; Communities; History.
ENThe article is devoted to the analysis of the main features of sociological monographies and their history. Frederic Le Play (1802-1882), the iniciator of the family sociology research and the author of many social monographies, has left many empirical descriptions of the way of life of French workers. Franciszek Bujak (1875-1953), the famous Polish rural sociologist, wrote social monographies about Zmiaca, Maszkicnice, Limanova and Galicja localities. His scientific works were par excllencc sociological, they were grounded on narticipant’s observations, statistical materials of localities, on the data of questionnaires. The leader of the Bucharest school of monographic sociology was Dimitre Gusti (1880-1955). Under his guidance about 600 Roumanian villagers were investigated. D. Gusti understood sociology as a science about society as a whole and social reality as the complex system of the parallel environment and manifestations of social units. Social monographies were the expression of positivistic tendencies in science against speculative sociology. All the leaders of the monographical method greatly stimulated the development of empirical sociology in Europe. The Lithuanian historians and folklorists have initiated regional investigations into customs, material culture, traditions, social life since the 18th-19th centuries. In the etnographical descriptions of O. Kolbergas, T. Narbutas, S. Daukantas we can see the first features of the monographical approach.The renewed interest in localities coincides with the rebirth of the national sovereignty of Lithuania and with the tendencies to the decentralization of life in the postmodern period. The written texts about villages and towns stimulate the identification with these places, increase the rebirth of the national memory and understanding of the villages as places of an authenticity. The social monograph about the Lithuanian village Matuizos Balandiškiai (written in 1923, author Vitoldas Stanevičius, economist, professor of Vilnius University) provides a description, classification and inventory of the nature and social objects in space. The history of place, set of relations and forms of life are the main elements of the social monography. Every social space is the outcome of the processes with many aspects, the result and product of social activities. The author reveals the continuity of the history, structuralization of the people. The village consisted of the inhabitants who identified themselves with their space, community and institutions. The competence centres were the estate, church, administration, school. The way of life of people experienced the transition from an agricultural to a primarily market society. The increasing significance of education and literacy is emphasized. The social life depended on the solidarity of its members, their cooperation, concord. V. Stanevičius analyses the formation of the peasants family and the roles of its members. The social world was network of social positions and roles, which were very clearly defined: a peasant, a young girl, or boy, the married man, mother. In this period new expectations and new roles appear: those of the worker and servant in the town, of the emigrant to other countries.The geographical mobility is increasing. The progress of society was connected with the improvement of agriculture and the raise of the public education. Sacralization of culture made easier the socialization, maintenace of the social and moral norms, resolution of the conflicts. The social fear was connected with bad harvest, illness, intervention of the enemies and was understood as given by God. Consumption was based on natural products, the latter being was strictly differentiated into everyday and festive food and selfmade clothes. The monography is a valuable document about the Vilnius land social situation. It is a significant precondition to orient sociologists to comparable sociological investigations. [From the publication]
