Vilniaus Kalvarijų Kryžiaus kelio vadovai: istoriniai, liturginiai ir muzikiniai aspektai

LTŠioje mokslo monografijoje prof. habil. dr. Alfonsas Motuzas nuodugniai pristato Vilniaus Kalvarijų Kryžiaus kelio vadovų istorinę, liturginę, etnomuzikologinę medžiagą. Autorius, remdamasis tyrimais, aptaria vadovų istorinę raidą šimtmečių raidoje, nagrinėja vadovuose pateikiamų maldynų maldų ir giesmynų giesmių literatūrinių ir muzikinių tekstų kilmę. Atskirai aptariamos šių maldų ir giesmių apeigos bei apeiginiai papročiai. Knygoje pateikiama tarpdalykiniu mokslu grįsta medžiaga atskleidžia, kad Vilniaus Kalvarijų 35 stočių Kryžiaus kelio vadovų atsiradimą, jų raidą ir kaitą nulėmė skirtingų laikotarpių geopolitiniai įvykiai bei Vilnijos krašto lietuvių ir lenkų tautybių tarpusavio santykiai. Monografija skirta istorikams, etnologams, etnomuzikologams bei religijotyrininkams. Taip pat ji bus naudinga kiekvienam, branginančiam ryšį su religija, ir leis geriau pažinti jos lobius.

ENVilnius is famous for its religious cultural expression. From ancient times Vilnius is called Northern Jerusalem. The temple of Jerusalem is symbolically established in the residential area of Vilnius, called Jerusalem, or Kalvarija (Calvary). This shrine is symbolized by a complex of thirty-five buildings of the Cross of the route of Christ’s suffering (chapels, gates), or stations / places, established in the beginning of the 17th century in the Verkiai district of Vilnius. Today, this shrine is within the boundaries of the city of Vilnius and is called the Way of Cross of Vilnius Calvary. The way of cross of Vilnius Calvary is one of the devotional practices of Catholic folk in Lithuania. The practice of Catholic piety is one of the parts of the liturgy of the Catholic Church in Rome, called paraliturgy, or the accompanying worship, or the practices of piety, which are publicly performed not through the mass and in the language of local people. This has been done since ages and today it is presented in dedicated books as: Prayers, hymns, rituals. In Lithuania, only the devotion and practice of the Way of the Cross of Vilnius Calvary is presented in a manual or textbook. The author of the monograph, according to the directives drawn up by the research to select the way of cross of Vilnius Calvary, has chosen 35 stations of the way of the cross of Vilnius Calvary as the object of the monograph research: the problem of origins, development and expression of differences is being analysed. The aim of the analysis is to analyse the published literature about 35 stations of the way of cross of Vilnius Calvary from the year 1826 till 2018 on the basis of the history of the Church, the liturgy, and musicology.To achieve the goal, the following tasks are set: first, to reveal the genesis of the guides of the way of the cross of the 35 stations of Vilnius Calvary on the basis of various materials published by the Church History, Liturgy, Ethnomusicology and Musicology and Summer Field Expeditions; secondly, to identify guidebook relationships and differences when comparing liturgical content; thirdly, based on the material of the summer expeditions, to reveal the different liturgical aspects of the guidebooks and their peculiarities; fourthly, based on the memoirs of the Calvary hymns of neighbouring countries and the compilation of prepared sources of prayers and hymn sources of the way of the cross of the 35 stations of Vilnius Calvary, to determine the origins and exceptional features of the chant melodies of the guides of the way of the cross of the 35 stations of Calvary. The planned research formed a scientific hypothesis: the emergence, development and change of the guidelines of the way of cross of the 35 stations of Vilnius Calvary was determined by geopolitical events of different periods and the relations between the Lithuanian and Polish nationalities of the Vilnius region. To confirm this hypothesis, methods of analysis, synthesis and retrospectivity were used. The following conclusions can be drawn after discussing the history of the way of cross of the 35 stations of the Calvary stations in Vilnius from the first existing source (1826) to the present and after examining the ritual customs and song melodies contained therein, and revealing their connections and peculiarities.First, based on the published material of the Catholic Church’s historical, liturgical, musical and summer field expeditions, it was revealed that the origins of the Genesis of the way of cross guidebooks of the 35 stations of Vilnius Calvary and the reasons for their changes are the pastoral work of the local Bishops Christ’s Passion, as well as geopolitical and religious events of the Polish, Lithuanian (Both Nations), Russian and the Soviet authorities. Second, when comparing the literary content of the way of cross guidebooks of the 35 stations of Vilnius Calvary, it was found that it was changing in different periods due to inter-national relations between Polish and Lithuanians and geopolitical events. Third, according to the material of the summer field expeditions and the data of the liturgy of the Catholic Church, it was revealed that the liturgical aspects of the guidebooks published in different languages (Polish and Lithuanian) were not separated but united by church liturgical ceremonies and local rituals. Fourth, after studying the prayers in the guide books, it was found that most of them were taken from the Church Liturgy, the Prayers of the Zebžydova Calvary and the Samogitian Calvary. The smaller part is the creation of authors (priests J. K., St. Kiškis, E. Kirstukas). Fifth, based on the notation of the Calvary hymns of the neighbouring countries and the creation of the Divine Way Prayers and Songbooks of the 35 stations of Vilnius Calvary, it was revealed that the origins of the literary texts and melodies of the guidebooks lie in the liturgical culture of the Polish Catholic Church and the way of cross of Zebžydova Calvary. The conclusions presented in this paper support the hypothesis formed at the beginning of the study that the emergence, development and change of the guide books of the way of cross of the 35 stations of Vilnius Calvary were determined by the geopolitical events of different periods.