Военное искусство в Куликовской (1380) и Грюнвальдской (1410) битвах (сравнительный структурный анализ)

ENThe article presents a comparative structural analysis of organization and composition of the troops during the battles of Kulikovo and Grunwald. According to its organizational structure troops that participated in both battles consisted of numerically different-sized units which were typical for the High Middle Ages. The smallest military cells were so-called "spissy" or "spear". According to possessory and the territorial principles, they were grouped into larger units, which in Rus’ were called "banners", in Poland and Lithuania – "gonfalon", and in the State of the Teutonic Order – "flags". The arming of opposing sides, their military construction and battle tactics are considered at a significant factual material. The major role in the armed forces that participated both in the battle of Kulikovo and in the battle of Grunwald played by a cavalry, especially by one heavily dressed in plate armor. The nomenclature of armament of Kulikovo cycle products indicates a broad awareness of Russian armourers of the military updates of the West. Exactly in reference to Dmitry Ivanovich’s army at the battle of Kulikovo field the term "German Sulytsa" is mentioned. The fighting knives – "cords lyatskie" are mentioned among the previously unknown weapons. On the basis of the comparative analysis of military formations and tactics of the battles it can be assumed that the experience of the Battle of Kulikovo, directly or indirectly was used by the Polish-Lithuanian army in defeating the forces of the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald on July 15, 1410.