Vilniaus akademijos spaustuvės leidinių embleminės graviūros kaita XVII amžiuje

LTXVI - XVII a. sandūra dažnai apibūdinama kaip embleminio mąstymo epocha, tuo tarpu Lietuvoje net pats literatūrinės emblemos terminas yra beveik nežinomas. Emblemikos reiškinys apėmė visą šių amžių meninę kultūrą. Tai dviejų - plastinės ir verbalinės - struktūrų junginys, sąlygojantis jų sintezėje atsirandantį prasmės kodą. Leidiniuose literatūrinės emblemos forma turi tridalę kompoziciją. Emblemikos pasitaiko ir kitose to meto kultūros srityse: teatro scenos apipavidalinime, proginių statinių architektūroje, medalių kompozicijose; ji darė įtaką retorikos menui, paveikė bažnytinį pamokslą ir pan. Šios studijos tikslas yra atskleisti embleminės kultūros fenomeną Vilniaus akademijos spaustuvės leidiniuose ir parodyti embleminių leidinių bei pačios emblemos kaitą XVII a.

ENThe spreading of emblems shows that in the end of the 16th c. - beginning of the 17th c. has been formed cultural elite, which has grasped the world through the European system of symbols and was able to operate with them freely. The great demand for emblemic books and criteria for selecting creative works for print shows rather wide circle of potential readers and estimators in Lithuania. This emblemic „readable literature“of people, who got some education, was met not only in the books, but also in the streets, decoration of festival, tombstone plates, theatre performances, interior of churches and elsewhere. Jesuits of Vilnius carried out the science radiation mission in Lithuania, have inculcated the emblemic thought to the cultural medium, which has taken root and widely spread in all areas. The spreading of literary emblem we see from the publications of Vilnius Academy Publishing House. The emblemic bookish print (drawing) of the end of the 16th - 17th cc. we can divide into two periods of development: period of the end of the 16th c. - the first quoter of the 17th c. when the first prints of emblemic structure appear, called literary emblem. Those emblemic books have composition of three parts (positions) - lemma (premise), image and epigram.In the end of the 16th c. published prints with one or some emblems. In the beginning of the 17th c. appear collections of emblems, having even some emblems. One of the famous prints is a collection of emblems devoted to the Lithuanian - Polish King, Guardian and Saint - Casimir Jogailaitis. It was published in 1610 - „Divi tutelaris <...>„ by J. Bildziukevičius. Collection consists of 24 emblems - cooper engravings - St. Casimir’s virtues which were engraved by engraver Tomas Makovskis, who lived in the Radvilos estate in Nesvyžius. This collection is closely connected with hieroglyphika ars, i. e. with general European emblemic tradition and it is an example of high artistic level. The changes of literary emblem we see in the beginning of the third decennium of the 17th c. - in so colled „break“ period. That demonstrate the emblemic prints. A little book „Sacra lithotesis <...>“, by M. K. Sarbievius signs the beginning of construction of Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Benedictine Convent in Kražiai and is dedicated to the fundator of this church Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius. On four plots of wood engravings the Great Hetman J. K. Chodkevičius is shown in some situations - from prayer before the battle and finishing with victory. The image widens, or the second part of emblem, it becomes subjective, so the contents of one emblem goes out of another, in such a case emblems of prints become subjective and show the consecutive order of events. The emblems influenced on the coat of arms poem’s and stemma compositions, they have had two part system (coat of arms and poems), have gained three part structure. That shows the publication, printed on the occasion of the Rudaminai funeral, which stemma is the illustration of all page size, to which is arranged not only a shield, but also its holder - Mars.In some publications, which appeared in the first quarter of the 17th c. we see „images“ of arms, hieroglyph emblem and literary emblem, which are put as one compact, equivalent the whole (A book „Dextera fidei constantieaeque testis“ by E. Dročilovskis). The emblemic illustrations of the first quater of the 17th c. - end of the 17th c. have another character. The individual type of composition appears, when the second part - visually - the literary part of emblem gains subjectivity. That type of composition represents the publications. In this period step by step the emblem loses the third part, the composition of stemma and image is met. Some types of emblemic engravings are dominating: panegyric emblemic illustrations, with a lot of different symbols, which reflect the contents of publication, are created to glorify one of the famous families of dignitaries of Lithuania and etc. A lot of such a type illustrations were created by engraver K. Gotke, who created in the middle of the 17th c. in Vilnius. The most famous engravings are in publications: „Decora lilieti <...>“, „Fama Radviliana <...>“, „Phaenomena seu aspectus felicissimi siderum <...>“, „Septem Chodkiewicii heroes <...>“ and other. [...].