Korupcija rinkimuose: rinkėjų papirkimų atvejų analizė

LTStraipsnyje analizuojami rinkėjų ir rinkimų teisę turinčių asmenų papirkimų atvejai rinkimų teisės aspektu. Pristatoma šio politinės korupcijos fenomeno faktinė situacija Lietuvoje, teisinio reguliavimo būklė ir jo praktinio taikymo problemos, iššūkiai, su kuriais susiduria institucijos ir visuomenė, siekdami skaidrių ir demokratinių rinkimų bei atitinkamai legitimaus politinių atstovaujamųjų institucijų formavimo ar referendumu sprendžiamo klausimo rezultato. Vertinama, kiek šiuo metu taikomos kontrolinės, poveikio ir antikorupcinės priemonės yra veiksmingos ir prisideda prie rinkimų (referendumo) įstatymų nuostatų, įtvirtinančių draudimą papirkti rinkėjus ir rinkimų teisę turinčius asmenis, efektyvaus įgyvendinimo.

EN[e article deals with voter bribery cases in terms of electoral law. A particular focus of research is drawn on the factual situation of this phenomenon of political corruption in Lithuania, the state of legal regulation and problems of its practical application, challenges being faced by institutions and society when seeking for transparent and democratic elections and appropriately legitimate formation of political representative institutions or an outcome of question solved by a referendum. [e author is analysing whether currently invoked control, reaction and anticorruption measures are suficient and contribute towards elective implementation of provisions of electoral (referendum) laws foreseeing prohibition to bribe voters and persons eligible to vote. The samples of voter bribery cases are presented in order to illustrate how differently content of prohibition to bribe voters and persons eligible to vote is perceived by subjects to whom it is addressed and main institution, i. e. the Central Electoral Commission, which conducts control of its observation. As well it is analysed why in Lithuania this illegal form of electoral agitation is still popular, despite sanctions being applied and certain preventive activity being carried out. Prohibition to bribe voters and persons eligible to vote to Lithuanian electoral laws was introduced in 2005, but such practice is still popular among participants of political campaigns and persons related to them, while “electoral agitation” of such kind itself takes on new and more sophisticated forms, which are “resistant” for relevant identification and qualification. [ere are several factors influencing this. Firstly, preventive mechanisms do not work properly or are applied too moderately. Secondly, legal regulation in this field is partly inconsistent or ambiguous, therefore some of violations are programmed automatically.In this respect the situation should change after adoption of Elections Code. Thirdly, the Central Electoral Commission does not possess enough control measures and its pratice not in all cases is consistent or reasonable. Fourthly, sanctions foreseen in electoral laws for violations of prohibition to bribe voters and persons eligible to vote not in all cases are applied properly. However, principled position of the Constitutional Court, increasing civil society involvement in democratic process and stricter attitude of the Central Electoral Commission during political campaigns presupposes that recently more and more investigations concerning potential bribery of voters and persons eligible to vote are being carried out. Although the number of violations detected is relatively constant, the situation is improving and more frequently violations are of a nature which does not require to apply ultima ratio sanction of elimination, which could be questioned in the light of legal-democratic eficiency.