Wittgensteino kriterijų semantika

LTStraipsnyje yra pristatomas naujas Wittgensteino kalbos tyrinėjimo būdas, skiriantis jį nuo daugelio reikšmės teoretikų. Užuot klausęs apie kalbos išraiškos teisingumo sąlygas, Wittgensteinas iškėlė klausimą apie jos kriterijus. Tikroji filosofinė intriga išryškėja tuomet, kai paaiškėja, jog ne visuomet išraiškos vartojimo kriterijus yra objektas, apie kurį kalbama, mat yra išraiškų, kurios nereiškia objektų. Tokios išraiškos yra betarpiškos vidinės tikrovės manifestacijos kalboje - Aufierungen. Pagal ką galima spręsti apie tokių išraiškų vartojimo teisingumą, ir bando atsakyti Wittgensteinas. Raktažodžiai: kriterijus, simptomas, vidinė tikrovė, manifestacija, evidencija, konvencija, gramatika.

ENThe article presents Wittgenstein’s problem of criteria, which distinguishes his philosophy of language from the theories of language. It is a radically non-theoretical approach to language, rather a way of its description than that of explanation. The dichotomy of criteria and symptoms allows to qualify the criteria of use as part of grammar, when symptoms are experiential phenomena, which accompany the use. Therefore it is important not to take the one for the other. The result of such a mistake is conceptual confusion, which can obliterate the true understanding of things. Criteria of use may be certain patterns of behavior, which are incorporated into conventional uses of language. These in their turn may be expressed in words, so the problem of criteria becomes the problem of the relation between propositions or avowals. Avowals (AuBerungen) are immediate manifestations of the ‘inner’ reality in language (of pain, for example). To check their correctness at first sight seems to be impossible, as it depends solely on the sincerety of the speaker. On the other hand, we can rely on ‘outward’ criteria, which we should observe when we investigate the use of language. So Wittgenstein proposes to observe the word and behavioral patterns that accompany the use of language, and to come to conclusions afterwards, without any a priori. When we look at the workings of language in this way, the logic of bivalence seems not to be the only characteristics of it. Key words: criterion, symptom, the inner, avowal, evidence, convention, grammar.