Станислав Монюшко и Вильнюсская церковная музыка XIX века: новый взгляд на Остробрамские литании

ENIn the 19th century Vilnius political and cultural situation was extremely complicated. For the survival and strengthening of the nation the support could be provided only by the Church as a significant moral resistance. In music this attitude was expressed by the leaders and members of the Church vocal-instrumental choirs, local creators. While researching composers and genres of Vilnius sacred music of the 19th century, one may find a lot of space for interpretation: which were the dominant genres, why they were dominant, what determined their popularity, etc. The repertoire of vocal-instrumental ensembles in Vilnius churches was greatly diverse. All facts prove that in the 19th century Lithuanian and Vilnius Church was the main center of the activities of local composers and local musical culture. The sources are historianís treasures and while identifying them this time itís important to accentuate what was innovative, what strengthened or weakened Lithuanian sacred repertoire. In the 19th century Lithuanian sacred choir repertoires consisted of compositions including various genres, consistencies and forms. Most of the time in a certain choir dominated one method of musical composition, which was based on the music sounding during the mass and on the professionalism of the local composers. Therefore, the amplitude of the sacred genre was extremely vast ñ from the Gregorian chant to multi-voice choirs a cappella and vocal-instrumental creations (masses, litanies, litanies, vespers, etc.). Even if during the composition the genres were the same, in the end their structure, form, scope, musical material and other characteristics were quite different. During the reviewed period genres of the sacred music were created in two ways. The first group ñ the direction towards sacral purity and tradition. The second group of compositions was close to exaltation ñ elevated by the sensual Romanticism, creations of the freer form.In Vilnius churches Polish and Lithuanian compositions prevailed. The majority of them were written by Florjan (?) Bobrowski (1779-1846?) and Adalbert Dankowski (1760-1814), who influenced the works of other local composers. Composer Stanis˘aw Moniuszko (1819-1872) while living in Vilnius created the major part of his sacred compositions, which is a wide and little analysed subject. It is an attempt to reveal an uneasy situation of sacred music in Vilnius of the 19th century and the problem of performance and establishment of professional music in church vocal-instrumental ensembles repertoires at the time. The object of the article is Litanies of the Gates of Dawn composed during the Vilnius period (1839-1858). In this article there are analyzed origins of unfortunately forgotten Moniuszkoís Litany of the Gates of Dawn Nr. 1, new insights in the general context of sacred compositions which were performed in Vilnius in that period are presented. This article is a continuation of the authorís publications dedicated to the research of the Lithuanian sacred music of the 19th century.