Vilniaus architektai (1850-1914)

LTLaikotarpis po klasicizmo Lietuvos architektūros istorijoje iki šiol tebėra anoniminis: to meto kūrėjai vienur kitur probėgšmais minimi, tačiau nei studijų apie juos, nei informacinio žinyno neturime. Tai ilgamečio negatyvaus požiūrio j istorizmo laikotarpį pasekmė. Modernizmo klestėjimo metu visa, kas netilpo gryno stiliaus rėmuose, buvo laikoma eklektika - estetiškai nepilnaverčiu reiškiniu. Požiūrį į XIX a. ir XX a. pradžios Lietuvos architektūrą dar veikė ir tai, jog ji priklausė Rusijos okupacijos laikams, taigi, atrodė primygtinai svetimtaučių įdiegta, ne sava. Apie tos architektūros savitumą bei originalumą kol kas sunku kvalifikuotai spręsti. Vertinti galima tik pažintą reiškinį, - todėl autorė ryžtasi pateikti šią sunkiai skaitomą, gausią faktų publikaciją apie Vilniuje dirbusius architektus. Straipsnis remiasi archyvine medžiaga, susikaupusia per 15 architektūros istorijos tyrinėjimo metų. Norėtųsi, kad duomenys apie XIX a. antros pusės - XX a. pradžios architektūros kūrėjus įeitų į mokslo apyvartą, kad jais galėtų naudotis, papildyti kiti tyrinėtojai - esami ir būsimi. 1850-1914 metų Vilnius pasirinktas todėl, kad tuo metu čia buvo gausiausia statybų ir architektų; iš palyginti gerai tvarkomų Vilniaus gubernijos statybos skyriaus ir Vilniaus miesto valdybos statybos skyriaus archyvų yra išlikę pastatų projektai - svarbiausi architektų kūrybos liudininkai. Vilniuje dirbę autoriai sudarė didelę to meto Lietuvos architektų dalį. Kaune, Prūsijos valdomoje Klaipėdoje, periferijos dvaruose projektavo kiti autoriai. Kas tie 1850-1914 metų laikotarpio Vilniaus architektai? Pavyko nustatyti apie 50 autorių, palikusių daugiau ar mažiau ženklų savo veiklos pėdsaką. Vieni užėmė įvairias pareigas statybą reguliuojančiose įstaigose ir patys projektavo, kiti vertėsi vien privačia praktika, steigė projektavimo bei statybos biurus, kontoras.

ENIn the period of 1850-1904 about 50 architects contributed to the architecture of Vilnius. Some of them worked in construction supervising offices, while others were freely hired architects. Some of them were descendants from the ancient Lithuanian Duchy families, others came from Russia. In the early period (between the uprisings of 1831 and 1863) building construction was not numerous, erection was strictly regulated by different institutions of czarist Russia. Vilnius University, that had been training architects, was closed after the uprising in 1832. But its alumni still worked in Lithuania. Karolis Gregotovičius, Afanasijus Ranvydas were the architects of Vilnius Province, Tomas Tyseckis was the architect of Vilnius District, Education and Orthodox Diacese of Lithuania. After the uprising of 1863 the increased repressions of czar power affected Construction committees. Persons of local origin, who were not followers of the Orthodox Church, were transferred to secluded places of Russia (A. Ranvydas), and the loyal employees were sent to Lithuania. Academician Nikolajus Čiaginas was nominated as the architect of Vilnius Province. During the period of 21 years in his office, N. Čiaginas adapted many churches, cloisters and palaces of Vilnius to Orthodox churches, barracks for soldiers, etc. Together with A. Rezanov, Rector of Academy of Arts of Petersburg, he reconstructed three ancient Orthodox churches in Vilnius. In 1860-1880 many buildings were built by Ivanas Levickis who was the engineer of the Province (after the reorganization of Construction committees, this post was leading). Characteristic work of his is the tenancy of merchant S. Vyšvianskis (Vilnius Street 25, built in 1881). At the same time Aleksejus Polozovas worked as the architect of the Province, he projected many reconstructions of the Old town in Vilnius.The most distinguished house, reconstructed by him, is the inn "Baltasis Štralis" (Pilies Street 26, 1895). In the new town he built the tenancy for merchant F. Kaščicas (Gedimino avenue 7, 1880). Beautiful houses of farmstead type were built by Aleksandras By- kovskis: the house of gardener V. Valleris (Sodų Street 8, 1878), the house of merchant A. Šuras (Geležinkelio Street 3, 1878). Engineer Michailas Prozorovas, a descendant from a family in Vilnius and a graduate from the Institute of Civil Engineering in Petersburg, was the head of the construction department of the Province for a long time. He built many important buildings in Vilnius: the building of the State Bank (Gedimino avenue 3, 1906-1909). Trade and Industry Chamber (Gedimino avenue, 35/1, 1913), the Orthodox church and the Kenessa for Karai- mes in Žvėrynas (1903 and 1911). He built a big tenancy for his wife Sofija Prozorova (A. Jakšto Street 9, 11, 1897). At the beginning of the 20th century he popularized Art modern style (the houses in V. Kudirkos Street 6 and K. Kalinausko Street 16). Town municipality of Vilnius had the right to have the town architect. Kiprijonas Maculevičius, a graduate of the Academy of Arts in Petersburg, worked in this post for ą long period (since 1880 to 1893). He designed the palaces for Klementina Tyškevičienė (Žygimantų Street 1, 1884) and Jonas Tyškevičius (Žygimantų Street 3, 1891), where the Italian Renaissance was imitated.At the end of the 19th century many private tenancies were built by the architects of local origin - Vincentas Gorskis, Apolinaras Mikulskis, Julijonas Januševskis - who were not employed by state institutions. V. Gorskis was the author of the many-flat houses in Vilnius Street 27, Arkliu Street 20, Gediminas avenue 1, 2-4, 9, 15 Labdarių Street 5 and 7, Basanavičiaus Street 23. A. Mikulskis designed cottages of romantic appearance (Kosciuškos Street 32, Tilto Street 21) and tenancies in the prestigeous places of the town for rich owners (Jogailos Street 9, 11, Žygimantų Street 9, Gedimino avenue 19, 21). J. Januševskis had a design and construction office in a three-storey building which he had projected himself (Vilniaus Street 21, 1898). He built prestigeous houses modifying the forms of the Florence palace (Gedimino avenue 7, Žygimantų Street 4, Kosciuškos Street 30). The houses designed by a war engineer Aleksandras Antonovičius were distinguished by their solid architecture (Trakai Street 12, Žygimantų Street 11, Gedimino avenue 29, Jogailos Street 8). In 1894-1904 Konstantinas Korojedovas, a migrant from Russia, was the architect of Vilnius. He was a representative of pompous, heavy decorated architecture (the Town Hall building, I. Smaženevičius' house with a hotel and a theatre, Gediminas avenue 22-24). K. Korojedovas was succeeded by Vaclovas Michnevičius, a descendant from a Polish noble family living in Lithuania. He built about 30 churches in the Lithuanian and Byelorussian territories.