Kryžių kalnas: istorija, apeigos, muzika
LTNaujai papildytoje mokslo monografijoje pristatoma kultūros istorijos, etnologijos ir etnomuzikologijos mokslų tyrimų kontekste surinkta medžiaga apie ICryžių kalno aplankymo pamaldumo praktikos ypatumus Lietuvoje, istorinę kilmę, apeiginius papročius ir jų kilmę bei sąlyčius su Kryžių kalnu, esančiu Lenkijoje. Atlikto tyrimo išvados pagrindžia monografijos pradžioje iškeltą hipotezę, kad Lietuvos Kryžių kalno aplankymo pamaldumo praktikos ištakos yra žuvusiijjų ir mirusiųjų atminimo (paminėjimo) bei pagerbimo vieta [anotacija knygoje].
ENThe monograph summarizes the authors investigations of many years. They allow to look at the history of the devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses, its ritual customs and music in Lithuania in a new way. So the work is relevant not only to the Catholic Church in Lithuania, but also to Lithuanian ethnology and ethnomusicology, because probably for the first time the ritual customs and music are described from ethnological and ethnomusicological aspects. As compared with our neighbor's (Poland) orthodox analogue, this helps to reveal the peculiarities of the devotional practice in Lithuania. The pilgrim Pope John Paul II, who on September 7, 1993 at 10 a.m., after Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, offered the holy Sacrifice of the Mass at the Hill, also went down in history of the devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses. A large artistic cross with a crucifix of man's height was put up on the Hill, and the Pope directed St. Francis OFM (St. Casimir vice province of Lithuania) to take care of the Hill of Crosses. They bought a site and built there a monastery. During his visit to the Hill of Crosses and presentation of it to the world, the Holy Father called, "Come up to the Hill of Crosses and remember all the sons and daughters of this land, once convicted, thrown in prisons, sent to concentration camps, deported to Siberia or to the Kolyma, sentenced to death..." By saying this he had in mind all those who had died for the freedom of the nation and religion. The Hill of Crosses has become the s ymbol of the struggle for religious freedom and the place of visit. The basis of the monograph is a scientific study of the object which is a popular devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses. The monograph raises the problem of revealing the origin of the devotional practice and its expression.The aim of the work is to analyze the ethnic cultural features of the devotional practice. To achieve the aim, these tasks were set: 1) basing on the published historical, ethnological, ethnomusicological and ethnographic field research expedition material to determine the genesis of the devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses; 2) to investigate the origin of the ritual customs of the devotional practice and to describe their peculiarity; 3) to show the musical culture dispersion of the hymns practiced by the Hill of Crosses worshipers; 4) to perform historical and ethnological comparative religion analysis comparing Lithuanian popular devotional practice visiting the Hill of Crosses with the Orthodox analogue in Poland - Grabarka Hill of Crosses, revealing their links and differences; 5) basing on the investigation results introduce a new approach to the origin of devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses and its expression. Methods of geographic mapping, analysis, synthesis, typology and retrospection were used. Having evaluated the collected and presented data on the Lithuania ethnic culture, its origin and performing the empirical analysis of the study of the devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses, such conclusions were drawn: 1. On the basis of the revealed theological data and abundant folklore, folklore study and ethnological data one can disagree with the categorical attitude of the scientists of history and archaeology that the Hill of Crosses is not a cemetery or a burial place, but it can be said that it is one of the places for remembering and honoring the dead. 2. In Lithuania, pilgrims keep 26 ritual customs of the devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses the bigger part (14) of which originated in the Holy Land and are connected with symbolism of Christ's suffering, death and resurrection.The repetition of the ritual customs is associated with personal carrying of the cross and repetition of Christ's suffering and honoring the memory of the dead. 3. The devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses uses traditional prayers and hymns that came from the liturgy of the Church to pray for the dead. The origins of lyrics of the chanting hymns by young people at the Hill of Crosses are multi-national and music is taken from the Taize (France) community In addition to Taize prayers, there are also sung Gregorian chants. Their lyrics and music are of the Latin origin and are used to pray during Lent and funerals and to commemorate the dead. In summary, the prayer book / hymnal of the devotiona practice consists of liturgical texts of the Mass, prayers and hymns of the funeral, remembrance and commemoration of the dead. 4. Worldwide, there are two shrines of the devotional practice visiting the Hill o Crosses recognized by the churches: the Hill of Crosses near the city of Šiauliai - by the Lithuanian Catholic Church and Grabarka Hill of Crosses {Gora Grabarka) on the border with Belarus, near the Bug River, - by the Polish Orthodox Church. Both devotional practices have similarities and distinctions. The origins of these shrines are connected with geopolitical events. The shrines are identical as a place of religious culture: in both countries still stands a house of worship: in Lithuania - a monastery and in Grabarka - a nunnery. In Lithuania, before World War II there stood a chapel on the mountain and on Grabarka still stands an Orthodox church. These places are former mounds and sacred sites for pilgrims. [...] The conclusions of the chapters confirm the hypothesis formed at the beginning of the monograph that the begining of the devotional practice of visiting the Hill of Crosses is the place for remembrance and honoring the dead.
