Мураваная дабастыённая фартыфікацыя Вялікага Княства Літоўскага

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Fortifikacijos; Fortification.

ENIn his original research the author studies the process of gathering historical, archaeological, architectural, and cultural knowledge about stone prebastion fortification in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. The following types of castles and town fortifications are classified: bergfrieds, donjons, lagerburgs, kostels, coventhouses, vyshgorods (Upper castles), nizhgorods (Lower castles), and predgradje (pretown), the latter being a defensive wall in the town of Vilno in the 16th century. Also, four major periods of prebastion fortification development in the Great Duchy of Lithuania have been identified. Gothic churches of defense type testify to the Great Duchy of Lithuania inhabitants' culture being involved in the European process of sacred architecture being turned into one of defensive type. The author was the first to have worked out historical and architectural typology of such monuments on the basis of their lay out and principles of their placing and fortification. Four-turret buildings can be named fortified churches. In the work based on a new interpretation of historical and cartographic documents of the 16th - early 18th centuries as well as on the analysis of results of archaeological excavations and numerous reconstructions (G. Shtyhov, V. Sluchenko, G. Lavretskiy) of the Sophia's Cathedral in Polotsk the author asserts that the above mentioned monument cannot be regarded as the father of churches flanked by corner turrets. The Cathedral basically preserved its primary appearance, the two domes over the entrance being an exception. The eurhythmies of facades and multi-dome completion of the volumetric composition produced the impression of turrets.The author expresses a hypothesis that Stanislav's Roman Catholic Church in Vilno (Vilnius) which was reconstructed in the early I5th century by order of the Grand Prince Vitovt could be regarded as prototype of the churches flanked by corner turrets. One of the arguments for the hypothesis is the inventory portrayal of Stanislav's Church with four corner turrets which dates back to 1530. Outpost churches with fortified turret belfries only were most widespread of all the types of buildings. Unlike fortified churches, these did not have numerous defense gadgets and were meant to be additional fortifications placed before castles. The least numerous group of monuments are churches of turret type which were part of line of castle defense walls (Ostrog). The Church (Ostrog) had several tiers of loopholes in its main bulk. In fact it served as a castle turret. The architecture of Orthodox monasteries falls into two types, protakostels monasteries and kostels monasteries. There has been no evidence revealed about Gothic dwelling houses of Catholic orders being used for defense. Protestant churches had outer line of fortification works mainly. Representatives of different territorial art schools took part in building churches of defense type in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. This historical state of Bahs and Slavs possessed its own program of sacred defense architecture development. [From the publication]

• Menotyra / Arts
• Istorija / History