Valstybės teritorialumas ir tautinės mažumos: Lenko kortos atvejis

LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjamos aktualios politinės antropologijos srities temos apie valstybės teritorialumo kitimo ir dominuojančių nacijų bei mažumų santykį. Valstybės teritorialumo kismas nuo nekvestionuojamo „galios rezervuaro“ apibrėžtoje teritorijoje iki teritorija neapibrėžiamų gimininių valstybių (angl. kin-state) atsiradimo šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje kelia klausimus, ar apie tautines mažumas iki šiol galime mąstyti tik vienos nacionalinės valstybės kontekste, ypač jeigu kalbame apie Rytų ir Vidurio Europą. Po sovietinio bloko subyrėjimo XX a. paskutiniajame dešimtmetyje Rytų ir Vidurio Europoje matome nemažai atvejų, kada valstybės apibrėžia „savo“ tautą nesivadovaudamos teritoriniu kriterijumi, t. y. valstybiniu lygmeniu palaikomi santykiai su „įsivaizduojamomis bendruomenėmis“, gyvenančiomis kaimyninėse ir kitose valstybėse. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Dviguba pilietybė; Globalizacija; Lenkija (Lenkijos karalystė. Kingdom of Poland. Poland); Lenko korta; Lenko kortos atvejis; Lietuvos lenkai; Valstybės teritorialumas ir tautinės mažumos; Case of the Polish Card; Dual citizenship; Globalization; Lithuanian Poles; Polish card; State Territoriality and Ethnic Minorities.

ENThe article investigates two scenarios of nation and state territoriality. In the first case state territoriality is unquestionable and is seen as a necessary condition in defining the presence of a nation in a state. In the second case, state territoriality, or more accurately, state "delocation" corresponds better with the realities of the current world. The effects of globalization processes are felt not only in economic, cultural and other spheres, it is also reflected in different treatments of nation and state territoriality. The example of the Polish card well illustrates the relationship between a de-territorialized nation and a state. The Polish card is not a single case that shows the deterritorialization of a nation and a state. The growing number of dual citizenship cases combined with increasingly stronger political ties between related states in Eastern and Central Europe only confirms that the state and national deterritorialization is becoming more apparent. The article analyzes data collected between 2009–2013 during field research in Šalčininkai. The aims of the research were intended to reveal the characteristics of the identity construction of Poles in Lithuania. The given results show that origin plays the most important role in the construction of the Lithuanian Polish identity; people perceive ethic identity as being passed from generation to generation. Next to origin, local identity is also considered to be important. Language is not assigned a big significance. Frequently informants stressed that they more frequently spoke Russian rather than Polish – some of them did not even know Polish. Lithuanian Poles clearly separate their ethnic and national identity by saying that first they are Lithuanian citizens and ethnic identity is perceived as an intimate private space. It was observed during the field research that an important role in the construction of the Lithuanian Polish identity is played by institutionalized for.It was observed during the field research that an important role in the construction of the Lithuanian Polish identity is played by institutionalized forms of nationality and ethnicity. It means that various "bjective" inscriptions about person’s nationality in his official documents (for example, inscription about nationality in soviet passports (it was used in Lithuanian passports until 2003) become an important criteria in defining ethnicity. The Polish card can be partially seen as having adopted the function of the "objective" indicator of nationality from a passport. Lithuanian Poles often understand the Polish card as proof that a person is Polish. Some people interpret the card as a substitute for a passport or an identity card in which nationality is not recorded any more. Lithuanian Poles’ interpretation of the Polish card is partially different from the official law concerning the Polish card which in one way or another ties Poles living abroad with the state of Poland. Lithuanian Poles are unwilling to see the Polish card as a bond with the state of Poland. They are equally unwilling to take advantage of pragmatic discounts and rights in Poland which are guaranteed by the possession of the Polish card. Lithuanian Poles see the Polish card as a document that strengthens their Polish identity, which shows their names and surnames in Polish characters (currently it is not allowed to write names in non-Lithuanian characters in the passports of the Lithuanian Republic), and, as it was mentioned before, it is a document that "objectively" proves their Polish origin to those who doubt it. [From the publication]

• Politikos mokslai / Political sciences
• Etnologija / Ethnology
• Istorija / History