Avicebrono visuotinio hilomorfizmo kritika Tomo Akviniečio raštuose

LTSiekiant aptarti vienos iš hilomorfizmo atmainų kritiką, verta atsižvelgti į hilomorfizmo sampratos kilmę. Todėl vietoj įvado trumpai apžvelgsime Aristotelio gamtos filosofiją. Nesitenkindamas pirmtakų paliktais gamtos aiškinimais ir siekdamas sukurti gamtos mokslą, Aristotelis padarė išvadą, jog tik metafiziniais arba tik fiziniais pradais gamtos reiškinių - pirmiausia gamtos kūnų atsiradimo ir išnykimo - logiškai paaiškinti neįmanoma. Todėl, remdamasis analogija su kūrybine ir gamybine žmogaus veikla (iš čia vėliau tradiciniu tapęs bronzinės skulptūros liejimo pavyzdys), postulavo tris vidinius ir du išorinius tiek natūralių, tiek dirbtinių (nes menas mėgdžioja gamtą) daiktų atsiradimo ir buvimo pradus (priežastis). Esminiai žodžiai: hilomorfizmas, medžiaga, pavidalas, stoka, atsiradimas, išnykimas, atskirtosios substancijos.

ENIn the article the Aristotelian philosophy of nature as the origin of hylomorphism is considered and two modes of its interpretation, i.e. that of Avicebron (Ibn Gabirol) and that of Aquinas, are compared. The Avicebronian concept is called universal hylomorphism (for according to it all creatures without any exception are made of matter and form) therefore Aquinas’ concept can be denominated a restricted or limited hylomorphism (for it postulates the existence of creatures which are pure form). Since these concepts are metaphysical and there are no reliable philosophical criteria to decide which concept is closer to the truth (perhaps this is the reason, why for the time being, they existed together in the Church), therefore the only basis to make the choice between them is theological. And here, as it seems, Aquinas appeared more far-sighted than his contemporaries from the Franciscan order. As far as the concept of hylomorphism itself is concerned, the history of its development shows that this concept is open to interpretation, and, as it were, from the very beginning up to now it is impossible to define its content univocally. That means that it is useless for science but convenient to philosophy and unavoidable in day-to-day life. Key words: hylomorphism, matter, form, privation, generation, corruption, separated substances.