Napoleoński wywiad na Rosję w Księstwie Warszawskim przed wojną 1812 roku
ENThe article discusses the operations of Napoleon's intelligence system in the Duchy of Warsaw aimed against Russia before the war of 1812 in view of the deterioration in the French-Russian relations from 1809. The article highlights Russia's preparations for the war with France in 1811 and their stimulating effect on Napoleonic intelligence units. It presents the Duchy of Warsaw's own intelligence units as well as a French intelligence system set up by a French resident, E. Bignon. Both systems collected information on the Russian armed forces, initially for the purpose of defense, and later for the needs of staging a preventive attack on Russia. The article discusses intelligence techniques, the problems resulting from the system's largely improvised character and the outcome of intelligence operations.
