Mažosios architektūros eksponatai muziejų rinkiniuose: tyrimai ir restauravimas
LTNuo seno Lietuvoje buvo statomi vietinių meistrų sukurti kryžiai, koplytstulpiai ir koplytėlės. Juos užsakydavo svarbiems bendruomenės ar šeimos įvykiams atminti, reikšmingoms istorinėms vietoms bei datoms pažymėti. Kunigas Adomas Jakštas (1860-1938) savo straipsnyje rašė: „Nežinome, ar yr kur ant svieto tiek kryžių, kaip Lietuvoje. Eini keliu - kas viorstas, kas antras - kryžius! Važiuoji par kaimą - beveik kiekviename kieme regi kryžių! Atėjai ant kryžkelio - ir čia stovi kryžius!“. Mediniai mažosios architektūros kūriniai buvo puošiami stilizuotais augaliniais, geometriniais ornamentais. Panašios ornamentų kompozicijos randamos ir pastatų, langų bei prieangių pagražinimuose, buities rakandų papuošimuose, bet medinių paminklų dekoratyvinės formos kur kas turtingesnės, jų meninė išraiška gerokai subtilesnė. Koplytstulpio konstrukciją sudaro aukštas stiebas, kurio viršuje įrengiamos koplytėlės, atviros iš vienos arba iš visų keturių pusių. Vienos jų paprastesnių formų, kitos turi savitai interpretuotų architektūros stilių (dažnai baroko ar klasicizmo) bruožų. Atvirose bei įstiklintose koplytėlėse buvo talpinamos skulptūrėlės, dažniau - po kelias, rečiau - po vieną. Kartais ant koplytstulpio stiebo buvo tvirtinama viena didesnė polichromuota skulptūra, virš jos ant atramų pritvirtinamas skardinis arba skarda apkaltas lentinis stogelis. Ir pats koplytstulpis, ir skulptūrėlės buvo polichromuojami.
ENThere is a small number of small architecture exhibits in the museums’ collections. Not every museum has special premises for a higher cross or a crucifix. Restoring them is also not an easy task: it requires larger premises with accessible entries without barriers. Carvings are usually very ramshackle, sometimes even their former structure is no longer possible to restore; fragments are lacking, particularly of openwork. Local intellectuals or conservationists usually hand over these art works to the museums. In 2003, Pasvalys Museum got several art works, the remains of crucifixes and crosses. Exhibit the chapel with the Baptism of Jesus scene of Kupiškis Ethnographic Museum was standing on a higher wooden pole, but unfortunately remained only chapel with a sculptural composition ‘John the Baptist and Christ’. Sculptures are damaged, wood severely affected by atmospheric factors. Polychrome was gone. Fragment of V. Svirskis cross (granted for the Lithuanian Art Museum) with double sided sculpture was in by Rukai Lake in 2009. St. Joseph with the Child is carved on one side and St. John Nepomuk on the other. The carving was rotten, crevices were stocked with dirt. The resulting deep cracks had been filled by the cement trying to repair the cross. Surviving polychrome traces could be seen in the depths of folds.Several crosses with chapels are stored in Alytus Museum. One of them with two chapels and sculptures was standing in Vaisodys village (Alytus District) in the 19th c. In 2004, it was found in the state of emergency and immediately handed over for preservation to Alytus Musuem. The other cross stored in Alytus Museum was built in the first part of the 20th c. in Alytus. Authors of both crosses are unknown. Many artworks of craftsman Antanas Sorakas are stored in Lazdijai Museum. Most of them are small, however they have crucifix with crucifixion sculptural group which was found in Kučiūnai village (Lazdijai District Municipality). During the restoration of crosses, crucifixes and chapels some parts were dismantled. Wood was scraped off, consolidated, remains of paint also consolidated. Chapels were mounted using wooden stopples, stands were made. Even wood was properly consolidated because the material cannot survive under outdoor conditions. Restored wood requires a special microclimate, it is appropriate to keep the restored carvings in the museum’s repositories and exhibition halls.
